Inside the optical networks…

A closer look to the amplifiers

Part II

Hop Ton That

Traditional Configuration of WDM
Systems
Optical amplifier type

 2 major classes:
 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (SOA)
conventional SOA
GC-SOA (Gain-Clamped SOA)
LOA (Linear Optical Amplifier)

 Fiber Optical amplifiers (FOA)

Rare earth-Doped Fiber Amplifiers
Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFA) : C, L-Band
Thulium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (TDFA) : S-Band
Praseodymium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (PDFA) : O-Band
Other optical amplifier type

 Not based on stimulated emission

but on nonlinear effects

 Fiber Raman Amplifiers

Discrete Raman Amplifiers
Distributed Raman Amplifiers (DRA)

 Hybrid EDFA/Raman Amplifier

EDFA: Pumping mechanism
 EDFA Configuration

Co-propagating pump= lower noise but

lower output power

Counter-propagating pump= higher output

power but higher noise
EDFA Noise
Output vs wavelength

Amplification between 1.53 and 1.56 um.

Rare earth (Er, Tm, Pr) -Doped Fiber
Amplifiers

 Gain band:
Er (C, L-Band), Tm (S-Band), Pr (O-Band)
76 nm (1532-1608 nm) record gain bandwidth in single band
configuration [M. Yamada et al.,OFC’98PD].
- Flat gain: 21 dB, Noise figure: 7 dB
- Gain equalizer: two MZ filters with FSR of 32 and 120 nm
Stimulated Scattering

 is transferring energy from the incident wave

to another, scattered wave at lower
frequency (longer wavelength) with the small
energy difference being release as phonons.
 The incident wave can be seen as a pump
wave.
 (Scattered waves are called Stokes waves)
Stimulated Scattering

 2 types:- Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS)

- Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS)
 In WDM systems, SBS has almost no effect
 Distributed Raman Amplifier (DRA)

 DRA is based on
Raman Scattering.
 A large pump is co-
launched at a lower
wavelength than the
signal to be amplified
Typical Raman Gain Curve versus Wavelength
DFA vs DRA
Hybrid EDF/Raman Amplifier


Gain bandwidth of optical amplifiers
1440 1460 1480 1500 1520 1540 1560 1580 1600 1620 1640 1660 nm
EDFA ~47 nm
EDFA 52 nm
Fluoride EDFA 62 nm
Tellurite EDFA 76 nm]
TDFA 37 nm
TDFA 35 nm
Raman + Fluoride EDFA 80 nm
Dist. Raman + Fluoride EDFA 83 nm

Raman + TDFA 53 nm
Raman 18 nm
Raman 40 nm
Raman 100 nm
Raman 132 nm

1440 1460 1480 1500 1520 1540 1560 1580 1600 1620 1640 1660 nm

E-Band S-Band C-Band L-Band U-Band

Fiber Raman Amplifiers
D is c r e te g a in
R a m a n fib e r I
5 .0 k m
D is tr ib u te d g a in M Z G a in E Q .
DSF 50 km
1 .5 4 5  m O UT
pum p LD
W D M c o u p le r D iv id e r C o m b in e r
IN R a m a n fib e r II III IV
8 .3 k m 5 .0 k m 5 .0 k m
1 .4 1 5  m
pum p LD
W D M c o u p le r W D M c o u p le r

1 .4 7 5  m 1 .5 4 5  m 1 .4 6 5 m 1 .5 4 5  m
pum p LD pum p LD 1 .4 9 5 m pum p LD
1 .5 1 0 m
pum p LD

H. Masuda et al., ECOC’99, II-146, 1999

 Gain band: 1.3~1.7 um (tunable by pump

wavelength)
 132 nm record gain bandwidth in double band configuration has
been achieved [H. Masuda et al., ECOC’99].
- Combination of Distributed Raman amplifiers (DRA) and discrete Raman
- Two-gain-band Raman amplifier
Companies working in the optical
transport network technology field.

 Europe Nokia, Ericsson Telecom, Ericsson Comp., Telia, Sonera,

Teledanmark, Lucent Nederlands, BT, Marconi, Nortel Networks(Euro),
Siemens, Swisscom, France Telecom, ……Italtel, Telecom Italia, Alcatel
SEL, Alcatel Italy, Pirelli, Telecom Italia, CSELT, Ukraine, Marconi

 North America AT&T, Corning, Ciena, EXFO, Elisa, Fujitsu Networks(US),

JDS, Lucent(US), Hitachi Telecom(US), Motorola, NEC(US), Nortel,
Networks(US, Canada), MCI Worldcom, Sprint, Telcordia, Tycom, Ciena,
Cisco

 Asia China Telecom, China Unicom, CLPAJ, Corning Int. DDI, ETRI,
Fujitsu, Hitachi, Huawei Technol., Japan Telecom, Korea Telecom, KDDI,
Mitsubishi, NEC, NTT, Oki, Shanghai Bell, Sumitomo, Sumsung, Toshiba
Bibliography
 www.google.com
 Télécommunications par fibres
optiques: Historical part
 www.unice.fr/dess_ntic: flash
animations
 Raman Amplification Design in
WDM Systems (IEC Tutorial)
www.iec.org/online/tutorials/raman
 Book: Fiber-Optic Communications
Technology, course book.
Questions
The end!

 Thank you for your patience!