SENSITOMETRY

oleh :
Sugiyanto
 PENGERTIAN
 Sensitometri adalah metode mengukur
karakteristik respon film terhadap radiasi
baik dari cahaya tampak atau sinar X.
Caranya film diekspose dengan sinar X
atau cahaya tampak dengan nilai eksposi
tertentu untuk menghasilkan serial
densitas, kemudian film di proses dan
hasil densitasnya diukur dengan
densitometer dan dibuat sebuah kurva
yang dikenal dengan kurva karakteristik.
 HOW TO DEDUCE DENSITY
 Density can bedefined as the amount of
blackening on the film.
 Density can be obtained by deriving two
simples ratios , incident light (I) and
transmitted light (T).
 No light trasnmitting material is
completely transparent , therefore some
light is always absorbed in its passage
through the material
DENSITAS, OPASITAS, DAN
TRANSMISI
MENENTUKAN DENSITAS
DENSITY

- Rasio transmisi : It/Io X 100%

It = chy yg diteruskan
Io= chy mula-mula

- Opasiti : Io/It

- OPTIKAL DENSITI (OD) = Log

Opasiti = Log Io/It
 KURVA KARAKTERISTIK
= D LOG E

= HURTER AND DRIFFIELD (H AND D )

Gambar yg memberikan ilustrasi

sebuah film atau film-secreen system
memberikan respon thd berbagai
tingkt. eksposi
Kurva karakteristik
 CARA MEMBUAT KURVA
 EKSPOSI DAN PROCESING FILM

 MENGUKUR DENSITAS YG
DIHASILKAN

 PLOTTING KURVA
SERI EKSPOSI DENGAN DUA CARA:

1. TIME SCALE SENSITOMETRY

Kv, mA tetap yg berubah s

2. INTENSITY SCALE SENSITOMETRY

- dengan step wedge/penetrometer
- dengan sensitometer
 TIME SCALE SENSITOMETRY
 kV , mA and distance are kept constant
 The time of exposure is varied always by a factor of 2.
 Eleven exposure are sufficient to provide enough point
on the characteristic curve to plot a reasonable graph.
 Advantages :
– Known the time
– Possible the film with lower densities entering the processor “
reducing bromide drag” streak artefact on the film.
 Disadvantages:
– Exposure habe been established, if if start with 0.1 s, the series
will be 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2, 6.4,12.8, 25.6, 51.2, 102.4 ---
it need a unique timer on the x-ray set
– Reciprocity failure ( 0.01 s)
– The test is time consuming to perform.
 Contoh :
Area A B C D E F G H I

Eksposi 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256

relative

Log 0 0,3 0,6 0,9 1,2 1,5 1,8 2,1 2,4

Eksposi
Densita 0,25 0,3 0,4 0,9 1,45 2,1 2,5 2,7 2,9
s
INTENSITY SCALE SENSITOMETRY
ada 3 cara :
1. Dengan X ray dengan variasi intensitas
 kV and distance are constant
 mA values varies ( constant time, varying
mA).
 Usually performed by varying the height of
the tube in relationship to the film using
the inverse square law
 Need accuracy in the x rayset,
calculations, and making measurement.
2. Dengan menggunakan step wedge
 Disiapkan stepwedge/penetrometer
 Dieksposure dengan kV, mAs
 Hasil dicatat danplotting kurva
 Advantages:
– Penetrometer can be made in any number of steps; characteristic will
be more accurate
– Penetrometer canbe reused
– It can be used with different screen film combinations
– The time known
– Possible to process the film with lower densties entering the processor
first.
 Disadvantages:
– The caracteristic curve produced is only for certain kV.
Step wedge
 Sensitometer
 Advantages
– Quick and easy to use
– It can be used with different film screen
combination
– Process the film at a known time interval
– Possible to process the film with the lower
densities entering the processor first
 Disadvantages
– The initial cost of the equipment is high.
sensitometer
densitometer
Information from the characteristic
curve

 Point A, basic fog

 Point B Toe
 Point C ( B – D) – stright line
 Point D – shoulder
 Point E – densitas maximum
 From F onwards – region of reversal /
solarisation
 Information of the curve

 Left to the TOE :

- densitas base, fog, threshold

 Between TOE – SHOULDER

- kontras, gradient, latitude film, lat.eksposi,
speed,

 Right to the SHOULDER

- maksimum density dan reversal
 DAERAH DI KIRI TOE
 BASIC FOG = Densitas base + Fog

 DENSITAS NETO = Gross dens – basic fog

 Treshold = is the point at which the film first

shows a reaction to exposure (daerah dimana
emulsi film mulai merespon eksposi dan
densitasnya mulai meningkat di atas basic fog).
Contoh pada daerah mediastinum thorax.
 Left to the Toe
Basic fog and threshold
 Basic fog – the recorded density of the base,
which may be tinted blue (for example), plus the
recorded density of the chemical fog which may
have built up in the emulsion during storage,
processing etc.
 Three main categories of faults causing fog:
– Faults that can occur in storage
– Faults in the department or darkroom
– Faults during processing
 Basic fog <= 0.11 ( densitas base) + 0.11 (fog)
 Storage faults
 Too long a time in storage
 Temperature too high
 Humidity too high
 Films stored horizontally
 High background radiation
 Scattered radiation
 Darkroom faults
 Incorrect safelight
 Too long handling time
 Too many safelight
 Safelight too close
 Too bright safelight
 Cracked safelight
 Light leakage
 Processing faults
 Over-replenishment
 Too high developer temperature
 Too long a processing time
 Contamination
 Fixer temperature – too cold
 Fixer time – too short
 Fixer under-replenishment
 The straight line portion
 Information from stright line portion
– Gamma
– Contrast
– Average gradient (average gamma)
– Useful exposure range
– Useful density range
– Film latitude
– speed
 Stright line portion (daerah antara
TOE DAN SHOULDER).
 KONTRAS :
- GAMMA G = tan A
- GRADIENT RATA-RATA
G= Dy – Dx (densitas guna)
Log Ey – log Ex ( lat. Film)

Densitas guna = net density 0.25 – 2.0.

gradient rata-rata /kontras ditentukan oleh :
emulsi film, jenis film( single/double), kondisi prosesing, IS.
GAMMA
GRADIENT RATA-RATA
 LATITUDE :
Adl kemampuan sebuah film utk mencatat suatu
jangka eksposi dengan rentang tertentu.

Latitude Film : menggambarkan selisih antara

batas atas dan bwah log eksposi relative
atau log Ey – log Ex
kontras naik, lat. Film turun
 Latitude exposi :
adalah toleransi film thd kesalahan
pemilihan faktor eksposi spt kVp, mAs,
time ,FFD pada saat eksposi dilakukan.

Lat. Eksposi dipengaruhi oleh latitude film

dan kontrast subject.
 Latitude exposi :
adalah toleransi film thd kesalahan
pemilihan faktor eksposi spt kVp, mAs,
time ,FFD pada saat eksposi dilakukan.

Lat. Eksposi dipengaruhi oleh latitude film

dan kontrast subject.
 SPEED
speed sebuah film adalah sejumlah x ray eksposi yg
diperlukan utk menghasilkan nilai densitas tertentu.

Film A memiliki kecepatan relative thd film B maksudnya

adalah rasio eksposi yg diperlukan oleh film B thd film A
utk memperoleh nilai densitas tertentu dengan jumlah
eksposi yg sama.

Speed reference = 100

densitas ref = 1.0
 Speed
 Speed point: titik pd kurva karakteristik dimana nilai
densitasnya adalah 1 + b+f
 Speed exposure point: log eksposi yg menghasilkan
speed point
 Bila film A speed eksp point = 2,0
film B speed eksp point = 1,5
Beda speed kedua film =
antilog (2,0-1,5) = 3,16
Jadi film A 316 % kali lebih cepat dari film B.
 MANFAAT KURVA H & D
 Mengetahui besar kecilnya fog level
 Menilai kontras film
 Menilai kecepatan film
 Menilai densitas maximum
 Untuk membanding satu film dengan yg lain
 Membandingkan IS satu dengan yg lain
 Mengetes cairan pembangkit
 Mengetahui latitude film
 Kontrol kualitas otomatik prosesing.
Contoh Aplikasi pd Prosesor

“ R”
Method
“ R”

Posisi Strep Tablet

Pada sensitometer

Mereduksi Bromide drag atau

bromide flow (directional effect)
Processor monitoring (daily sensitometry)

MethodCOLLECTING DATA (DAILY BASED)

STEP OD STEP OD STEP OD
1 0.24 1 0.22 1 0.22
2 0.24 2 0.22 2 0.22
3 0.25 3 0.23 3 0.24
4 0.27 4 0.24 4 0.24 Min-density
5 0.30 5 0.26 5 0.26
6 0.35 6 0.30 6 0.30
7 0.43 7 0.36 7 0.37
8 0.59 8 0.48 8 0.50
9 0.86 9 0.71 9 0.73 Med-density
10 1.24 10 1.04 10 1.06
11 1.63 11 1.44 11 1.46
12 1.98 12 1.83 12 1.83 Max-density
13 2.31 13 2.19 13 2.18
14 2.53 14 2.44 14 2.42
15 2.68 15 2.61 15 2.59
16 2.77 16 2.72 16 2.69
17 2.83 17 2.80 17 2.77
18 2.87 18 2.84 18 2.81
2.90 19 2.87 19 2.84
19 Cont’d
20 2.92 20 2.89 20 2.86
21 2.93 21 2.91 21 2.87
B+F 0.23 B+F 0.21 B+F 0.22 Fog-level
 Processor monitoring
Method (parameter yg harus di catat/dihitung)
 Based + Fog density
– Blue tint + clear portion OD
 Minimum density
– OD-step terdekat thp 0.25 di
atas B+F
– limit tdk terlalu bervariasi dr hari
ke hari ± 5
 Maximum density
– OD-step terdekat thp 2.0 di atas
B+F
– harus pd posisi ± 0.1 di hari
pertama & tdk terlalu bervariasi
(daily sensitometry)
 Relative Density difference/cont Idx.
– Dmax – Dmin
– harus pd posisi ± 0.1 di hari pertama &
tdk terlalu bervariasi
 Mid density point/Speed Idx.
– Representasi jumlah energi exposi 
1.0 satuan densitas diatas B+F
– Bila hari-1 test, temuan OD mendekati
1.0 pd step 8, maka pd step ini yg selalu
di ukur sebagai Mid density point
– variasi (± 0.1 thp hasil ukur hari-1)
 Developer temperature
 Developer pH
 • Replenishment rate

‘’ Dev Fog Ket

Contrast
index 2/12 2/12
tgl

Too
US P-1
high

P-2

Speed index
T Date Ket

2/12
23o P-1

Fog index
P-2

Date

Processor chart