THE ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD

THE ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD

• The direction of the magnetic field intensity vector is given by the
right-hand rule: If the fingers of the right hand curl in the direction of the
current flow in the coil, then the resulting magnetic field is in the direction
that the thumb points. Notice that the magnitude of the magnetic fi eld
intensity vector varies sinusoidally in time, but the direction of
is always constant
THE ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD
THE ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD
THE ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD
THE ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD
MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE AND FLUX
DISTRIBUTION ON AC MACHINES
 MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE AND FLUX
DISTRIBUTION ON AC MACHINES
• If the rotor is cylindrical, the machine is said to have nonsalient poles; if the rotor
has pole faces projecting out from it, the machine is said to have salient poles.
Cylindrical rotor or non salient-pole machines are easier to understand and analyze
than salient-pole machines, and this discussion will be restricted to machines with
cylindrical rotors.
• To produce a sinusoidal voltage in a machine like this, the magnitude of the flux
density vector B must vary in a sinusoidal manner along the surface of the air gap.
The flux density will vary sinusoidally only if the magnetizing intensity H (and
magnetomotive force ) varies in a sinusoidal manner along the surface of the air
gap
• The most straightforward way to achieve a sinusoidal variation of magnetomotive
force along the surface of the air gap is to distribute the turns of the winding that
produces the magnetomotive force in closely spaced slots around the surface of
the machine and to vary the number of conductors in each slot in a sinusoidal
manner.
The Relationship between Electrical Frequency
and the Speed of Magnetic Field Rotation
 The Induced Voltage in a Coil
on a Two-Pole Stator
• If α is the angle measured from the direction of the peak rotor
flux density, then the magnitude of the flux density vector B
at a point around the rotor is given by
The Induced Voltage in a Coil
on a Two-Pole Stator
The Induced Voltage in a Coil
on a Two-Pole Stator
The Induced Voltage in a Coil
on a Two-Pole Stator
The Induced Voltage in a Coil
on a Two-Pole Stator
The Induced Voltage in a Three-Phase
Set of Coils
INDUCED TORQUE IN AN AC MACHINE

The stator flux distribution in this machine is

INDUCED TORQUE IN AN AC MACHINE
INDUCED TORQUE IN AN AC
MACHINE
Example 6-1
IM transformer Model
Example 6-2
 Induction Motors: Operation
Locked rotor:When the rotor is stationary, the field rotates at a
frequency (relative to the rotor) equal to the supply frequency.
This induces a large voltage – hence large currents
flow within the rotor, producing a strong torque.
Acceleration: When released, the rotor accelerates rapidly. As speed
increases, the relative frequency of the magnetic field decreases.
Therefore, the induced voltages and currents fall rapidly as the
motor accelerates.
Synchronous speed:The relative frequency of the rotating field is zero,
so the induced currents and voltages are also zero.Therefore, the
torque is zero too. It follows, that induction motors are unable to
reach synchronous speed due to losses such as friction.
Motor under load:The motor speed decreases until the relative
frequency is large enough to generate sufficient torque to balance
the load torque.
 Standardisation of Induction Motors
The frames of all industrial motors under 500hp
have standardised dimensions.
Therefore, motors (of the same frame size) can
be interchanged without changing the
mounting holes, the shaft height or the shaft
coupling.
The standards also establish limiting values for
electrical, mechanical and thermal
characteristics (such as starting torque,
locked-rotor current, overload capacity and
temperature rise).
 Starting an Induction Motor
High-inertia loads put a strain on induction motors
because they prolong the starting period.The
current is high during this interval such that
overheating is a major concern.

.
 Braking an Induction Motor
Sometimes an induction motor (and its load) needs to be stopped
suddenly. This can be achieved by interchanging the phase
sequence, so that the field is rotating backwards relative to the
rotor. This is known as plugging.
During plugging, the motor absorbs kinetic energy from the still-
rotating load and dissipates it as heat in the rotor.However, the
motor also continues to receive electrical power from the supply,
which is also dissipated as heat in the rotor.
Standardisation of Induction Motors
The frames of all industrial motors under 500hp
have standardised dimensions.
Therefore, motors (of the same frame size) can
be interchanged without changing the
mounting holes, the shaft height or the shaft
coupling.
The standards also establish limiting values for
electrical, mechanical and thermal
characteristics (such as starting torque,
locked-rotor current, overload capacity and
temperature rise).