Effect of Alloying Elements

Factors: may be pressure, Temp,
Allotropy type, size of element. etc Polymorphism

Both are material
More than one crystal structure of a properties, man
single can only play with
it, can’t create it
Metal (with other alloying
Element (without other alloying elements)
elements)
e. g. Iron has BCC & FCC structure
e. g. carbon in graphite, Fullurene,
Nanotubes &Pressure
Reason: diamond forms Reason: Temperature
Diamond Graphite BCC FCC
Produced at High Pressure Produce at Low Pressure At Low Temp. At High Temp
Benefit: Benefit:
Hard/Strength cutting Soft Lubricant Low dense ductile high dense
strong
Low temperature High pressure
application (e.g. application (e.g. LNG
Ammonia gas vessels) with pressure vessels)
Application: one can produce material of desired property from a single substance
by controlling temperature, pressure, light, composition and/or size of alloying
elements
10 June 2015 M. Waqas
Allotropic forms of carbon
CARBON
Crystalline Amorphous
Diamond Coal
Graphite Charcoal
Fullerene Lampblack

Allotropic Forms
• Now we describe some forms of allotropy
FULLERENE
C-70-FULLERENE GRAPH C-60-FULLERENE GRAPH

• The few of the applications of fullerenes are-
A. Artificial photosynthesis
B. Non-linear optics
C. In cosmetics.
D. In surface coatings
E. Bio logical applications

Carbon Nanotubes
• Small rolled sheets of graphite, as strong as

steel
Young's Modulus Tensile Strength Elongation at
Material (TPa) (GPa) Break (%)
Nanotubes 0.94T 126.2T 23.1

(Armchair SWNT)
Stainless Steel ~0.2 ~0.65-1 15-50

Nanopump (How it Works) (cont.)
• Also filters out bacteria and viruses
When passed through a nanotube, infectious agents will be

trapped and unable to pass through to the other side.
Coating and Films(Nanotubes)
– Application in
• Displays
• Touch screen devices
• photovolatics
Future Works (Nanotubes)

o Future Electrical
Transmission.
o Will cut the cost of Silver
required.
CARBON NANO TUBES 9

Hybrid Power Generation
(Nanotubes)
Charging your electric car within seconds using devices made of

carbon nanotubes!!!!
CARBON NANO TUBES 10

In Conclusion….. (Fullurene/Nanotubes)
CARBON NANO TUBES 11

Graphite Industrial Applications
• Excellent abrasive – hard and resists wear
• Scratchless Windows for optical sensors -
Used for IR sensors on cruise missiles
• Potentially useful as a semiconductor: -
It’s band gap= 5.4 eV
• Low friction, no wear hinges and bearings
-Used on the space shuttle
10 June 2015 M. Waqas 12

Diamond Industrial Applications
• Diamond anvil cell - more in a minute

• Used for cutting tools - Cannot be used to
cut Fe materials because iron carbide forms
• Also useful as a heat sink in electronics
• Can be used as an insulator for wires
-Wires are extremely stiff for their weight
• Has potential to replace LCDs in screens
10 June 2015 M. Waqas 13

Solid Solution
• A solid solution is a solid-state solution of one
or more solutes in a solvent.
• e.g. Steel

Solid Solution
Pure iron is very weak, therefore it is produced in solid solution of iron and
carbon with other alloying elements to get high strength steel.
• Smaller in size alloying elements than Fe are; C, N form interstitial solid
solution, Carbon is covalently bonded to other four Fe atoms and
• Almost equal in size alloying element than Fe are; Mn, Si, Ni, Cr etc for
substitutional solid solution, replace Fe atom.
tetrahedral position of BCC

Fe
Octahedral position of FCC

Fe

Solid Solutions
• modification known as
tin pest from ametallic form
to a semiconductor form
below 13.2 °C (55.8 °F)

•grey tin (alpha tin, Tin pest)
•white tin (beta tin)
•rhombic tin (gamma tin)
•sigma tin (forms at very high pressure)
[5]
•ferrite (alpha iron): forms below

770 °C (the Curie point, TC); the iron
becomes magnetic in its alpha form;
BCC crystal structure
•beta: forms below 912 °C; BCC crystal
Iron structure
•gamma: forms below 1,394 °C; FCC
crystal structure
•delta: forms from cooling down
molten iron below 1,538 °C; BCC
crystal structure
•epsilon: forms at high pressures
Polonium •α-polonium – simple cubic (metallic)

•β-polonium – rhombohedral (metallic)
The bcc structure of α-iron is more loosely packed than that of fcc γ-iron
It is interesting that the fcc structure, although more closely-packed, has larger holes than
the bcc-structure. These holes are at the centers of the cube edges, and are surrounded by
six atoms in the form of an octagon, so they are referred to as octahedral holes.
Indeed, it is found that C and Nin α-iron occupy not the larger tetrahedral holes, but the
octahedral interstices which are more favorably placed for the relief of strain, which occurs by
movement of two nearest neighbor iron atoms. In the case of tetrahedral interstices, four iron
atoms are of nearest-neighbor status and the displacement of these would require more
strain energy. Consequently these interstices are not preferred sites for carbon and nitrogen
atoms.
The solubility of both C and N in austenite should be greater than in ferrite, because of the
larger interstices available. It is, therefore, reasonable to expect that during simple heat
treatments, excess carbon and nitrogen will be precipitated.
α-iron containing about 0.02 wt % C is substantially supersaturated with carbon if, after
being held at 700°C,
The maximum solubility of nitrogen in ferrite is 0.10 wt %, so a greater volume fraction of
nitride precipitate can be obtained
Nitrogen is usually combined with aluminium, or present in too low concentration to make a
substantial contribution to quench ageing, with the result that the major effect is due to carbon.
This behavior should be compared with that of strain ageing
High strength of austenite iron
because the different atom sizes of other
elements interrupts the orderly arrangement
of atoms in the lattice and prevents them from
sliding over each other as easily. Alloying
elements have the capability to block slip
planes

• Carbon is a very strong austenitizer
• Chromium:melting point of 1,875°C bbc density of 7.190
kg/dm3
• Nickel:melting point of 1,453°C, fcc 8.902 kg/dm3 these
alloys exhibit excellent ductility and toughness, even at high
strength levels and these properties are retained up to
cryogenic temperatures
• Moly:melting point of 2,610°C and a density of 10.22 kg /
dm3 . (b.c.c.), Molybdenum reduces the intensity of the
oxidizing effect required to insure passivity and decrease the
tendency of previously formed passive films to break down

• Niobium: melting point of 2,468° C and a
density of 8.57 kg / dm3 ., bcc
• Ti: melting point of 1,668° C and a density of
4.54 kg / dm3 . HCP, for their high strength-
toweight ratio
• Mn. melting point of 1,245° C and a density of
7.43 kg / dm3, complex cubic crystal. its ability
to combine with sulphur and its powerful
deoxidation capacity
BCC(Cr, Mo, Nb)--------HCP(Ti)----FCC(Ni)--------complex cubic(Mn)
Solid Solution
• Effect of alloying elements:
M. Waqas
10 June 2015
Solid Solution
Solid Solution
Solid Solution
Solid Solution
Solid Solution
Nb, Ti, V Ni, Si, Mn Mo, Cr, W
Extra more affinity for C than others More affinity for C than Fe
C,N,O,B,Co,Ni,Cu ----- Ni, Si, Co, Al, Cu, N-----(Cr, Mn, Mo, W, V, Ti, Zr, Nb,Ta) Less Affinity for C than Fe

Co3C
V, Si, Al, Be, P---B, Ta, Zr, Nb

(i-e- temperature of surrounding decreases, solidification increase, resulted in fine grain) Mn3C Fe2N EFFECT OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS
CrC
Ferrite Former
MoC Fe4N
Carbide Former
WC
Cr23C Mo2N MoC
Cr3C2
Solubility of compounds in austenite is decreasing from

Increasing enthalpy of formation with respect to Fe3C
Cr7C3
Mo2C
W2C VC
Mo3C2 Cr2N
VC CrN
NbC
TaC VN TiC
Non Carbide Former
TiC NbB2
Nb2C NbC
Co, Pt---- C, N, Cu, Zn, Au

Ta2C VN
Ta2B AlN
Austenite Former
ZrC
Al4C TiN
HfC NbN
AlN
TaN NbN
Nb2N
Ta2N
In solution form
TiN ZrB2
ZrN HfB2
HfN
Nitride Former (N≥0.015%)-------------------------Oxide Former (more affinity for O2 then Fe)
Fe, V, Al, Ti, Cr) (Al, Si, V, Ti)
Ferrite Former Austenite Former
Solid Solution
No Carbid Carbide Former
(Ni, Si, Co, Al, Cu , N)----------------------(Cr, Mn, Mo, W, V, Ti, Zr, N b)
Solid Solution
Solid Solution
Solid Solution
Solid Solution
Solid Solution
Solid Solution
Solid Solution
Solid Solution
Solid Solution
Solid Solution
Solid Solution
Solid Solution
Solid Solution
Solid Solution
Solid Solution
Solid Solution
Solid Solution
Solid Solution
Solid Solution
Solid Solution
Solid Solution
Solid Solution
Solid Solution
Solid Solution
Solid Solution
Solid Solution
Solid Solution
Solid Solution
Solid Solution
Solid Solution
ANY QUESTION?
INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, CSJM

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Effect of Alloying Elements

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Effect of Alloying Elements

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Factors: may be pressure, Temp,

Allotropy type, size of element. etc Polymorphism

10 June 2015 M. Waqas

C-70-FULLERENE GRAPH C-60-FULLERENE GRAPH

10 June 2015 M. Waqas

10 June 2015 M. Waqas

• Small rolled sheets of graphite, as strong as

Nanotubes 0.94T 126.2T 23.1

Stainless Steel ~0.2 ~0.65-1 15-50

10 June 2015 M. Waqas

When passed through a nanotube, infectious agents will be

Future Works (Nanotubes)

CARBON NANO TUBES 9

Charging your electric car within seconds using devices made of

CARBON NANO TUBES 10

CARBON NANO TUBES 11

10 June 2015 M. Waqas 12

• Diamond anvil cell - more in a minute

10 June 2015 M. Waqas 13

10 June 2015 M. Waqas

tetrahedral position of BCC

Octahedral position of FCC

10 June 2015 M. Waqas

10 June 2015 M. Waqas

•ferrite (alpha iron): forms below

Polonium •α-polonium – simple cubic (metallic)

10 June 2015 M. Waqas

10 June 2015 M. Waqas

BCC(Cr, Mo, Nb)--------HCP(Ti)----FCC(Ni)--------complex cubic(Mn)

V, Si, Al, Be, P---B, Ta, Zr, Nb

Solubility of compounds in austenite is decreasing from

Co, Pt---- C, N, Cu, Zn, Au

INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, CSJM

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