INTERPRETING AND

PREPARING VISUALS
 CLASSIFICATION OF VISUALS

Graphics/ Visuals

VISUAL
GRAPHS TABLES DIAGRAMS CHARTS MAPS
IMAGES
GENERAL STEPS IN INTERPRETING
VISUALS
1. Read the title and subtitle.
2. Read the captions, keys, and labels.
3. Determine the purpose of the material.
4. Identify the organization of information.
5. Analyze the relationship of details such as changes and trends.
6. Make a conclusion about the data, if necessary.
GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR ADDING
VISUALS TO YOUR TEXT
1. Determine the purpose of the visual.
2. Evaluate the accuracy and validity of the data.
3. Visuals should be accompanied by clear references within
your text
4. Visuals should be placed on the same page as the text
reference. Complex visuals should be placed on the page
opposite the text reference.
GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR ADDING
VISUALS TO YOUR TEXT
5. Preferable, position the visual vertically.
6. Make your visual as simple and self explanatory as possible by
adding data labels.
7. If the visuals are colored, go for basic contrasting colors
which are easy on the eyes; as much as possible avoid adding
patterns and textures, as well as neon colors.
SESSION 2
CHARTS
- Is a graphical representation of data using symbols that are usually boxes, lines, and
arrows.
- Its general purpose is to show ranks, levels, procedures and classifications
STRATEGIES IN READING CHARTS
1. Study each step and grouping presented in the chart.
2. Pay attention to the arrows or lines that indicate the flow, relationship, steps and
sequence.
3. To ensure that you understand the chart, summarize each step or component in your
own words and make your own chart in your mind.
4. Compare your mental chart to the description in the text to check how accurate you
are.
THE TWO COMMON CHARTS ARE:

1. Organizational chart
2. Flow chart
 COMPANY ORGANIZATIONAL CHART

PRESIDENT

VP MARKETING VP PRODUCTION VP SALES

MANAGER

MANAGER MANAGER
MANAGER

MANAGER MANAGER
MANAGER
STRATEGIES IN PREPARING
ORGANIZATIONAL CHART
1. Use varied shapes carefully. Rectangle are usually used for all
position.
2. Connect the boxes with solid lines direct reporting
relationships and dotted or dashed lines if indirect
relationship.
3. You may design your chart creatively but avoid making it too
distracting or complicated
SAMPLE FLOW CHART
START OF THE PROCESS

STEP 1

STEP 2

STEP 3

IS THE
OUTPUT
CORRECT?

END OF THE PROCESS

STRATEGIES IN PREPARING A FLOW
CHART
1. Present only the capsule version of the whole process.
2. Limit the number of shapes to avoid confusion. Note that each shape has a
corresponding meaning. Some of the most basic shapes include:
• Rectangle - refer to an event which is part of the process; steps or action
taken.
• Diamond- a decision point in the process; sometimes it requires a ‘yes’ or
‘no’ response and will branch out the different parts of ‘yes’ or ‘no’ response
• Round box- represent an even which occurs automatically; used to denote
the start and the end of the whole process
STRATEGIES IN PREPARING A FLOW CHART

3. Provide a legend when necessary.

4. Sequence the data from left to write or top to bottom.
5. You can be creative in designing the flowchart but do not make it too
complicated and distracting.
SESSION 3
TABLES
- Is used in displaying the number in columns- at least two with
headings to indicate what the table represents. It condenses and
classifies information to make comparisons between and among
data and helps the readers grasps relationships that might be
invisible in the prose.
 SAMPLE TABLES
Rubrics for Fluency
Score Level of Performance Description
Use of language contributes to effectiveness
9-10 Excellent of the speech, and vocalized pauses
(9.01-10.00) (um uh er etc.)
not distracting
Use of language does not have negative
8-9 Good impact, and vocalized pauses
(8.01-9.00) (um uh er etc.)
not distracting
Use of language causes potential confusion,
7-8 Satisfactory and/or vocalized pauses
(7.01-8.00) (um uh er etc.)
are distracting

6-7 Needs Improvement Use of Language is Inappropriate

(6.00-7.00)
 Respondents’ Communicative Strategies Used in Post Test

Communicative Strategies Frequency Percentage Rank

Nomination 130 89.0 1.5
Restriction 86 58.9 5
Turn Taking 84 57.8 7
Topic Control 85 58.2 6
Topic Shifting 95 65.3 4
Repair 125 85.4 3
Termination 130 89.0 1.5
 Respondents’ Desired Destinations to Visit
City/ Municipality Frequency Percentage Rank
Dumaguete City 4 1.54% 23
Sibulan 5 1.92% 22
La Libertad 7 2.69% 20.5
Jimalalud 7 2.69% 20.5
Vallehermoso 8 3.08% 16.25
Tanjay City 8 3.08% 16.25
Pamplona 8 3.08% 16.25
Bacong 8 3.08% 16.25
Santa Catalina 9 3.46% 15
Ayungon 10 3.85% 12.75
Siaton 10 3.85% 12.75
Ayungon 10 3.85% 12.75
Guihulngan City 11 4.23% 11
Bais City 12 4.62% 10
San Jose 13 5.00% 8.5
Bayawan City 13 5.00% 8.5
Amlan 14 5.38% 6.5
Dauin 14 5.38% 6.5
Mabinay 15 5.77% 5
Manjuyod 17 6.54% 4
Zamboanguita 18 6.92% 3
Valencia 19 7.31% 2
Canlaon City 20 7.69% 1
STRATEGIES IN READING TABLES

1. Read the title of the table.

2. Check whether the information is updated or obsolete.
3. Check the source of the information.
4. Study the headings and their relationships.
5. Read the details with the headings in mind.
6. Compare and contrast the different columns.
STRATEGIES IN PREPARING A TABLE

1. Informal or simple tables need to have table numbers and title

since they function as an extension of the text.
2. Formal tables, which contain complex data, should contain titles,
table numbers, and detailed headings. They included in list of
illustrations when your are doing research of action plan.
3. Use plenty of white space within and around the text.
4. Use concise and clear headings for all columns and rows.
STRATEGIES IN PREPARING A TABLE

5. Assign a title and number to each formal table.

6. Use abbreviations and symbols when necessary. However, special
symbols and abbreviation must be clarified through legend or
footnotes.
7. Write the source of the table when necessary.
8. Use uppercase and lowercase instead of full caps.
SESSION 4
GRAPHS
- Is a graphical representation of data using bars
for bar graph, lines for line graph, circles for pie
graphs, and pictures for pictograph. Each type of
graph has a specific function and purpose
BAR GRAPH
- Uses vertical and horizontal bars that compare
amounts and quantities.
 SAMPLE BAR GRAPHS

Chart Title Chart Title

5
CATEGORY 4 2.8
4.5
5
4.4 4.5 3
4.3 CATEGORY 3 1.8
3.5
3.5
3 2
2.8 CATEGORY 2 4.4
2.4 2.5
2.5
2 2 1.8
2
CATEGORY 1 2.4
4.3

CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 2 CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 Series 3 Series 2 Series 1
STRATEGIES IN READING A BAR GRAPH

1. Read the title, caption, and source note.

2. Determine the purpose of the graph.
3. Look at the dates mentioned, if there is any.
4. Identify what is being compared. Is it amount or quantity?
5. If the data changes over time, determine the time span and the amount
percentage.
6. If products, services, and other items re being compared look carefully
at their names.
STRATEGIES IN PREPARING THE A BAR
GRAPH
1. Limit the number of bars.
2. Show the comparisons clearly.
3. Keep the bar widths consistent.
4. It is ideal to use spaces between bars.
5. Arrange the bars according to its sequence; by year to show trends,
by ascending/ descending order to show direct comparison.
6. Use legends as much as possible
LINE GRAPHS

- Shows trends and changes in data. Usually, the

bottom grid scale represents time.
 SAMPLE LINE GRAPHS

Chart Title Chart Title

6

5 5

4
4
3
3
2

2 1 Series 3
0 Series 2
1
Category 1 Series 1
Category 2
Category 3
0 Category 4
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4
Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 Series 1 Series 2 Series 3
STRATEGIES IN READING A LINE GRAPH

1. read the title, caption, and source note.

2. Determine the purpose of the graph.
3. Read the horizontal axis.
4. Determine the kind of time intervals.
5. Read the vertical axis and identify what is being measured.
6. Trace the jagged line that connects each point and determine the
changes over time.
STRATEGIES IN PREPARING LINE GRAPHS

1. Plot the data very carefully.

2. Use the different line colors for line graphs using multiple
lines.
3. Make the chart lines thicker than the axis lines
4. Do not put the numbers on the line graph itself.
PIE GRAPH

- Uses pie-shaped sections, shows the relationship of the

parts to the whole in percentages and proportions.
 SAMPLE PIE GRAPH
SALES Sales
1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr

9%

10% 9%
10%
1st Qtr
23% 58% 2nd Qtr
3rd Qtr
4th Qtr
23% 58%
STRATEGIES IN READING A PIE GRAPH

1. Read the title and the captions carefully.

2. Note the number and labels of pie sections of the graph
3. Check if there is any “legend” section and study it.
4. Identify the shares, quantity, and percentage of each section.
Identify which sections have the smallest and largest
percentage.
 STRATEGIES IN PREPARING PIE GRAPH
1. Use no more than seven divisions
2. Move clockwise from 12:00. start with the largest wedge going to the smallest.
3. Use the pie graph for percentages and money especially when the items they
represent are divisible by 100.
4. Make the pie graph as simple as possible.
5. Label each component.
6. If you want to show a subdivision of a particular wedge in a circle graph, use a “pie
within a pie” technique.