CHAPTER 1

INTODUCTION TO EARTHQUAKE
RESISTANT DESIGN

One of the primary ways a community protects itself and its

individual citizens from potential earthquake disasters is by
adopting and enforcing a building code with appropriate
seismic design and construction requirements.
• seismic design
-

construction requirements
-
 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURES

 While it is not possible to accurately predict earthquakes,

measures can be taken to reduce the devastation by constructing
earthquake-resistant structures.

 In earthquake-prone areas, buildings are now being constructed

with moorings filled with alternating layers of rubber and steel.
These are called base isolators. The rubber acts as an
“earthquake absorber.” Buildings with these types of moorings
are designed to withstand a magnitude 8.3 earthquake.
 In attempts to reduce damage to
structures, engineers try to
1. Increase the natural period of the
structure through “base isolation.”
2. Install “energy dissipating devices”
to dampen the system.
3. Simple reinforcement methods used by
engineers include using large bolts to
secure buildings to their foundations,
as well as providing supporting walls,
or shear walls, made of reinforced
concrete. This can help to reduce the
rocking effect of a building during and
after a seismic event.
 EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

- a branch of civil engineering that provides the

principles and procedures for planning, analysis and design
of structures and facilities that are capable of resisting effect
of earthquakes
 IMPORTANCE OF EARTHQUAKE
ENGINEERINNG
• with this principles and techniques, societies can atleast minimized if not
completely eliminate earthquake catastrophes.
• Provides different principles and procedure for:
a. the selection of proper location of structures
b. the estimation of earthquakes force in a given time intervals
c. analysis of maximum stresses and deformation in affected structure and
environment
d. improvement of soil and stabilization of natural slope
It is based on the concepts from :
• Seismology
• Geology
• Probability theory
• Geotechnical Engineering
• Structural Engineering
• Structural Dynamics
 EARTHQUAKE

• It strike w/o warning

• occur within the Earth’s crust along faults that suddenly release
large amounts of energy that have built up over long periods of
time.
• Damage for inhabited areas due to natural hazard
• is manifested as ground shaking caused by the sudden released
of energy in earth crust.
 SEISMIC WAVES

- are generated when rock within the crust breaks, producing a

tremendous amount of energy. The energy released moves out in all
directions as waves, much like ripples radiating outward when you drop
a pebble in a pond.
 SEISMOGRAPH

• Seismographs are stationed on the flanks of the volcano

• These record the frequency, duration and intensity of the
earthquakes and report it back to the volcano observatory.
 DAMAGING EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKES

by causing ground failure

 producing other effect that may indirect affect the structure
By shaking the ground on which the structure rest
 POSSIBLE GROUND FAILURES

• Surface Faulting
• Ground Cracking
• Ground Subsidence
• Land Slides
• Soil Liquefaction
• Earthquake Faulting- during an earthquake the side of a fault may slip
relative to one another.
• Ground Cracking- is possible when the soil at the same surface losses
it’s support and sinks or when it is transported to a different location.
• Ground Subsidence- is a phenomenon in w/c the ground surface of the
sites settles or depresses as a result of the compaction induced by the
vibratory effect of the earthquake. Involves a uniform soil deformation ,
usually cause only minor damage to a building .
• Landslides – failure of a slope that are marginally stable before the
earthquake and become unstable as a result of a violent shaking generated
by earthquake.
• Soil Liquefaction- soil temporary change from solid to liquid state and
it’s loose.
 INDIRECT EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE

• Tsunami
• Seiches
• Fires
• Tsunami – are large sea waves generated by a sudden depression of the
ocean floor.
• Seiches- are long period oscillating waves generated by
distant earthquakes in enclosed body of water such as
bays, lakes, reservoir, and even swimming pools.
 SOURCES OF EARTHQUAKE

1.Orogenic movements such as mountain building

2. Subduction and plate convection followed by geothermal and
mechanical disturbances
3. Volcanic activity
4. Land erosion
Orogenic movements
• Orogenic movements and crust convection are mainly responsible for mountain
building and valley forming—in other words, the constant changes affecting the
surface of the earth.

Subduction
As the ocean floor exerts pressure on the coastline of the continent, the leading
edge of the ocean floor is pushed under the continent, carrying down sea deposits,
including the remains of organisms
 EARTHQUAKE FORCE

• Gravity
• Wind
• Thermal
 DESIGN FOR EARTHQUAKE FORCES

• Identification of the source of earthquakes

• Determine the probable size of future earthquakes
• Orientation of seismic source with respect to structures
location
• Analysis and improvement of foundation soil to asses it’s
susceptibility to earthquakes effect.
 HISORICAL BACKROUND
Robert Mallet – an Irish civil Engineer ,is often cited as the first earthquake
engineer and his report on the 1857 Naples Earthquake is consider to be the
first scientific investigation that included observation of the seismological,
geological, and engineering aspect of earthquakes.

Nobi Earthquake ( Japan in 1891)- modern earthquakes on earthquake

resistant structure began ,produce 7000 deaths : also known as Mino-Owari
Earthquakes, first proposed the used of a lateral force equal to a fraction of the
total weight of a building to account for the forces exerted on building by
earthquakes.
Messina Earthquake(1908)
- in Italy this earthquakes produced 58000 deaths, lead to the opponent of a
committee composed of practicing and academic engineers to study the
earthquakes and the formulation of practical recommendation for the seismic
design of buildings.
 HISTORY OF MAJOR INTERNATIONAL AND
PHILIPPINE EARTHQUAKE
• SOME OF THE PHILIPPINES’ NOTABLE EARTHQUAKE
EXPERIENCES
COTOBATO: DAMAGED BRIDGE
Unfortunately, there was no time for the Pacific Tsunami Warning
Center to issue a warning before a large local tsunami struck the
region just minutes after the earthquake,
 THE LUZON
EARTHQUAKE
M7.8
JULY 16, 1990
4:26 PM
JULY 1990, BAGUIO CITY, PHILIPPINES.
DEATHS ABOUT 5000.
• The earthquake occurred on the Philippine fault system, a well-known
strike-slip fault zone.
• The rupture produced a 125 km-long surface scarp stretching from
Dingalan, Aurora to Cuvapo, Nueva Eciia.
INTERNATIONAL HISTORY
One of the most devastating earthquakes in history occurred on 23
January 1556 in the Shaanxi province, China, killing more than 830,000
people (see 1556 Shaanxi earthquake). Most of the population in the
area at the time lived in yaodongs, artificial caves in loess cliffs, many
of which collapsed during the catastrophe with great loss of life. The
1976 Tangshan earthquake, with death toll estimated to be between
240,000 to 655,000, is believed to be the largest earthquake of the 20th
century by death toll.
1995: JAPAN (KOBE). RICHTER SCALE: 7.2,
DEATHS: 6348, COST ($M): 200,000
2010: CHILE (MAULE REGION). RICHTER
SCALE: 8.8, DEATHS: 486
2011: JAPAN. RICHTER SCALE: 8.9. (DEATHS &
COST UNDETERMINED AT THIS TIME)
1908: ITALY (MESSINA). RICHTER SCALE: 7.5,
DEATHS: 25,926, COST: ($M) 116
THE RING OF FIRE
• "Ring of Fire" is a circular arc of active volcanoes that surrounds the
Pacific Ocean basin.
• Also known as Circum-pacific Seismic- Belt

Zones that includes Ring of Fire

1. A zone that extends from the Aleutian Islands through Alaska; the Pacifi c
side of Canada, the United States, and Mexico; Central America; the Pacifi
c side of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru all the way down to Chile
2. A zone that goes from the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia; through the
Kuril Islands, Japan, Taiwan, the Philippines; to New Guinea, Indonesia, and
New Zealand .
“
THERE IS NO PERFECT DESIGN IN THE
WORLD EXCEPT IN GOD’S DESIGN

”
 GROUP 1

• BALIN, MARJORIE L. • SARMIENTO

• RIVERO, JETRO • SUAREZ
• ARAÑES, JESSA • BONAGUA
• Seva, Regie • PARONE
• ORLINA, REYNOLD • LEE
• CAROLA, • MASALUNGA
• BALDOVIA • POMAR
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING