DemocratizatioN

Prepared by:
Herbert C. Ognita Jr.
Objectiv
es:
 to identify the difference between
democracy and democratization
 to know the democratic system and types
of Democracy
 to identify the waves of Democratization
 to determine what causes
democratization
 to know the importance of democracy
What is DEMOCRATIZATION?

 It is derived from two Greek words

‘demos’ meaning ‘people’ and ‘kratein’
meaning ‘to rule’.
 an overloaded concept
 process by which democracy expands,
within a state or across the world.
 the introduction of a democratic system
or democratic principles.
What is DEMOCRACY?
 a system of government by the whole
population or all the eligible members of a
state, typically through elected
representatives.
 usually reffered as a type of government
 Democracy is an idealism by which people
plays the biggest role in the society. They
have the right to choose for their leaders
through voting and have the freedom to
remove them in position.
Basic Components of
Democratization
 ending an authoritarian regime;
 installing a democratic regime;
 consolidating a democratic regime
“ government of the
people, by the
people and for the
people”
Abraham Lincoln, the sixteenth President
of the United States (1861-1865 )
Types of
Democracy
 Direct Democracy
 Representative Democracy
 Direct
democracY
also called pure democracy
 forms of direct participation of citizens in
democratic decision making
 every member of the society participates
directly in the political process.
Representative
•democracY
Also called as indirect democracy
• establishes an intermediary political actor
between the individual and the policy outputs
of the state
• a system of government in which all eligible
citizens vote on representatives to pass laws for
them
• a system where citizens of a country vote for
government representatives to handle
legislation and ruling the country on their behalf
System of
Democracy
 Parliamentary System
 Presidential System
 Mixed Systems
Parliamentary systeM
 the political parties hold the power and not
individuals
 a democratic form of government in which the
political party that wins the most seats in the
legislature or parliament during the federal
election forms the government.
Presidential systeM
 a form of government in which the president is
the chief executive
 Directly elected by the people
 The president is responsible for enforcing laws,
the legislature for making them, and the courts
for judging
 Mixed systeM
• combine characteristics of both of the major
systems (presidential and parliamentary).
 Waves of
DemocratizatioN
What is Waves of
Democratization?
 a group of transitions from non-democratic to
democratic regimes that occur within a
specified period of time and that significantly
outnumber transitions in the opposite direction
during that period of time.
 was popularized by Samuel Huntington (1991)
THE 1ST WAVE OF
DEMOCRATIZATION
• Also known as Long wave of Democratization.
• "'long" wave of democratization began in the
1820s, with the widening of the suffrage to a
large proportion of the male population in the
United States, and continued for almost a
century until 1926, bringing into being some 29
democracies.
THE 1ST REVERSE WAVE
 End of World War I
 Collapse of Ottoman and Austro‐Hungarian
Empires
 New States – Finland, Poland, Czechoslovakia,
Hungary, Yugoslavia, the Baltic States
 But in retrospect few of these new democracies
became consolidated
 Economic disruption of the Great Depression
THE 1ST REVERSE
WAVE
 The interwar period saw the collapse of democracy in
almost all of the new states and some of the newly
democratized old states
 Of the 17 nations which adopted democratic institutions
between 1910‐31, only 4 maintained them
 Military coups in Italy (1922), Lithuania, Poland, Latvia,
Estonia, Greece (1936), Portugal (1926), Brazil (1930),
Argentina (1930), Spain (1939), Japan (early‐1930s)
 Hitler: Germany, Austria Austria, Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia
 Wave of ideological and militaristic autocracies
THE 2nd WAVE OF
• 1943‐1962
DEMOCRATIZATION
• End of WWII saw the defeat of Fascism in Italy and Germany;
allies promoted democratic constitutions in Germany, Italy,
Japan, Austria, Korea
• The remaining Colonial powers were shaken and
independence movements came to the fore
• Although most newly independent states in Africa adopted
democratic constitutions, few consolidate
• Some progressive movements and popular elections in Latin
America (Uruguay, Brazil, Costa Rica, Argentina, Peru,
Venezuela)
• Despite some setbacks, the total number of democracies
democracies worldwide grew in this period
THE 2nd REVERSE WAVE

• 1958-1975
• followed by a second reverse wave (1960- 1975)
that brought the number of democracies back
down to 30.
THE 3rd WAVE OF
DEMOCRATIZATION
 End of Portuguese dictatorship 1974
 Collapse Greek military regime
 In Spain, death of Franco 1975
 Wave of democratization in Latin America and Asia in late
1970s
THE 3rd WAVE OF
DEMOCRATIZATION
 In the 1970’s and 80’s the Soviet and Eastern bloc
economies came under pressure
 Under Gorbachev, the Soviet Union loosened its grip on
Central and Eastern Europe. In 1989, practically all of the
communist communist regimes regimes in the region fell
 With the support of the EU, some post‐Communist states
successfully consolidated their democracies. But many
also remain unreconstructed unreconstructed (Eurasia)
(Eurasia) or poorly consolidated (Georgia, Ukraine).
 Causes of
DemocratizatioN
What causes
democratization?
• correlation between development and
democracy
• models of democratization as strategic
interactions between elites and citizens
• the historical period it takes place in and
the type of regime that democracy
replaces.
VARIOUS THEORIES OF THE CAUSES
OF DEMOCRATIZATION: A Partial List
 High overall level of economic wealth
 Relatively equal distribution of wealth
 A market economy
 Economic development and social
modernization
OTHER THEORIES THAT CAUSES DEMOCRATIZATION
• Political leaders committed to democracy
• Experience as a British colony
• Traditions of tolerance and compromise
• Occupation by a pro-democratic foreign power
• Communal homogeneity
• A feudal aristocracy at some point in the history
of the society
• Absence of feudalism in the society
• A strong bourgeoisie
• High levels of literacy and education
• Protestantism
• Low levels of civil violence
• Low levels of political polarization
 Why is
Democratization
Important?
 Democratization is important because of one of
the most widely (but not universally) accepted
trends in international relations, known as the
democratic peace. The institutions and value
systems that make democracy possible are based
on the development of the trust, tolerance, and
capacity for cooperation that make stable
peace and reconciliation possible outcomes of a
conflict-resolution process.
Thank you!