Unit-1, Definition of psychology as a

Behavioral Science.
Definition and meaning:
Meaning of behavioral,
S-R and S-O-R Paradigms
Overt Vs. Covert Behavior,
Psychology as a Empirical Science
Methods of Studying Psychology
Scope of psychology and Contribution of
psychology in different field
Unit-1, Definition of psychology as a
Behavioral Science.
Definition and meaning:
Meaning of behavioral,
S-R and S-o-R Paradigms
Overt vs. Covert Behavior,
Psychology as a Empirical Science
Methods of Studying Psychology
Scope of psychology
Contribution of psychology in different field
Behaviour science
Behaviour science is a systematic ,controlled,
empirical and critical investigation of behaviour of
the organism through controlled and naturalistic
experimental observations.

It encompass the activities and interactions among

organism in the natural world.

Behavioral science is different from the lay men's

understanding of Behaviour.
1.It attempts to study the behavior on the basis of
cause and effect relationship.

2. They involve scientific method of inquiry. The

findings can be repeated and the Data collection is
objective.

3.The aim of behavior science is to understand and

predict behavior. Eg- Psychology, Sociology,
Anthropology.
Psychology: It studies behavior on the basis of rational
demonstrable cause and effect relationship.

Methods used in Behaviour Science:

• Experimental Method
• Observation Method
• Interview
• Case study
All the methods are applicable in psychology.
Many Questions which answer are not easily found
and are the mystery of Life such as:
How do thoughts arise?
Why do mental and Physical Abilities differ for each
person?
Why do we fight?
Why do social Problem Arise?
Why do we wont receive what we hope from
others?
Why do love hatred, anger, Jealousy etc come in
person?
Why other people do not think exactly as we do?
Life becomes deeper as we learn more about it.
If human desires to learn it ,He/she becomes more
Curious and Enthusiastic.
This Curiosity is what has led to great developments
in the scientific field.

Psychology is the one of the most important field that

have arisen in this world.

The study of psychology Should help us to get an

insight into the glories of Human nature.
 Common Sense of Psychology
Common Sense knowledge is the locally developed
knowledge acquired through the experiences of the
people in their daily life.
Many people carry the common sense of psychology
some common misconceptions people hold about
psychology are :
 psychologists are face readers.
 Some others perceive that psychologists can even read
mind.
 Similarly, some people consider psychologists as the
ones who deal with mentally ill people only,
 People feels that Psychologists are fortune teller like
astrologers. Can estimate character at glance.
‘Due to such misconceptions, people often feel
uncomfortable to talk with the persons from
psychology. This is why, even students of
psychology find it difficult to get study
subjects (or participants) for their research or
experiment.
But, Psychology is the one of the most important field that has
arisen in this world.
 The study of psychology Should help us to get an insight into
the glories of Human nature, through the careful observation
of human behaviour.
 Psychology is the science of behavior and mental or cognitive
processes.
 It uses systematized methods to study behaviors of both
human and animals.
 It studies why individuals behave in the particular way.
 it also focuses on the internal mental processes of an
individual that are supposed to play role in the behavior of
the individual.
 Psychologists are not mind readers. However, they can make
inferences about the mental processes accurately by carefully
studying behavior or through use of certain standardized
psychological tests.
Though some psychologists work to treat mentally ill
people not all the psychologists are concerned
about treating mentally ill people only. There are
more than 100 branches of psychology in which
psychologists work.

Also, there is huge difference in psychiatry and

psychology
Psychology is derived from two Greek Word
Psyche (soul) + logos (study or, Science)

In its history of evolution. Psychology was known as the Study of

the Soul.

Gradually as the study of Mind ,Consciousness

And the Study of Behaviour.

Today it is considered as the Science of Behaviour and Mental

process.

The "Father of Psychology" is Sigmund Freud. Wilhelm Wundt

is the another pioneer personality in the field of psychology
who started first laboratory of psychology in 1879 at
university of Leipzeig .
Before arriving to the modern definition, psychology went to a
very difficult period or, It had undergone several stages and
Meaning

The main four stages of psychology are :-

 Philosophical stage(300 BC-19th Centaury )-Study of Soul/Mind

 Structural stage till (1920)-Science of mental life, Consciousness

 Behaviorist stage(1920-1960) –Science as the observable

behaviour

 Modern stage , Till date - Today it is considered as the Science of

Behaviour and Mental process.
 Definition of Psychology
According to NL Munna, ” Psychology is concerned with the
Scientific investigation of behaviour”.

Crow and Crow, ” Psychology is the study of human behaviour

and human relationship”.

Edwin Boring,1939 “what is man? To this question Psychologist

seeks an answer”

Recently, David G. Myers (1997) defined psychology as 'the

science of behavior and mental processes'.

Robert S. Feldman in 2000 defined psychology as the 'scientific

study of human behavior and mental processes.‘
Meaning of Behaviour
 Behavior is the sum total activity of a person that reflect
directly or indirectly.

 Behaviour includes anything of a person or animal which can

be observed in some way.

 The term behaviour includes all the motor , cognitive and

affective activities:
Motor Activities - (Walking, Swimming, Dancing, etc)
Cognitive Activities - (Thinking, Reasoning ,Imagining etc)
Affective Activities - (Feeling Happy, Sad ,Angry etc).

It Includes The activities of Subconscious and unconscious mind

.similarly, Overt and Covert Behaviour.
Overt – behavior that can be observed directly
Covert - Internal Subjective Experiences. or measured through
special instruments or techniques.
Such as: Sensation, Thought, Emotions, Feelings and Motives
that others cannot directly observe
 Psychologist Studies the Behavior of All living organism.
a)Human beings
b)Animals
c)Insects
d)Birds and sometime even plants.

In 1913 ,J.B Watson became the first psychologist to make

human behaviour the centre of psychology. He established
the School of Behaviorism in psychology.

Similarly, Famous psychologists like ‘Pavlov and skinner’

Further developed the school of Behaviorism.
1.Pre-conscious- Past incident which is easy to remember( How was
your Christmas, Birthday, Dashera Celebration etc last year) It is
also called Sub-conscious. The thought wishes, desires, motives
needs to be pushed up to bring to the conscious level.

2.Conscious- It is the immediate, awareness. It represents current

thoughts, feelings emotions of a given moment. Knowing the
general things (Which color you are wearing today? Who is sitting
beside you).

3.Unconscious Mind- UNCONSCIOUS lies beneath(under) the

preconscious level.
It consists of thoughts, wishes, feelings and impulses that people are
unaware of. This can be brought back into consciousness with help
of psychologists through psychological instruments and
techniques.
Unconscious material are directly denied to the conscious level
because many of our unconscious material are painful/ that may
hamper our sensations and lower our self esteem, saddening us
and so on.
 S-R and S-O-R
S- Stimulus (Input)
O-Organism (processing)
R- Response (output)

S- Stimulus (Input)Stimulus is the Variable which initiates

activity for e.g.- Lights, Sounds Incentives .
Stimulus sometimes is referred in terms of the sense organ which is affected
e.g. Visual stimulus, auditory stimulus and so on…

 O-Organism (processing)It is known as individual variables (of any

age sex, education level, personal values, aspirations, intelligence, thoughts
which has great role in organism for resulting response)

 R- Response (output)Responses are different depending upon the species

and stimulus e.g. Blinking eye is the response to an intense
light(stimulus),Crying in pain, smile while being happy etc..
S-R
This theory believes that
organism responds according
to the nature of
stimulus(Stimulus response)
S-O-R
This approach believes that
nature of stimulus and nature
of organism play role in the
particular response of the
organism (stimulus- organism-
Response)

Watson and Pavlov advocates Woodworth and other

this concept psychologists advocated this
concept

Organism is considered to be There is the organism to play

passive active role in responding.
Nature/Feature/Characteristics of Psychology
 Psychology is the science of behavior and mental or cognitive
processes.

 It studies why living organism behave in the particular way or,

how internal and external sources of human functions.

 Psychologists want to know why people think, feel, and

behave in certain way?

 The word 'psychology' was coined in 1590 by Rudolf Goeckle.

It is derived from two Greek words Psyche and Logos which
means the soul and study or science.

 Scientific psychology began in 1879 when first laboratory was

established and human mind and behavior was systematically
studies.
Psychology possesses a body of Fact and is able to
support it through universal laws and principles.

Emphasizes on search for truth. Doesn't believe in

Stereotypes or Superstition.

It believes that every behaviour has its root, the

factors of Causing ,Influencing or, Nurturing.

Believe in Cause and Effective relationships.

 It makes prediction about human behaviours.

 The laws of psychology can be verify by anyone.

 It has its own applied aspects .Various branches of applied

psychology are : Industrial, Legal,Clinical, Educational
psychology etc..

 The Methods and techniques employed in the study of the

behaviour in psychology are scientific too. The steps like :
• Analysis of the behavior/Identification of problem.
• formulation of hypothesis,
• observations / experimentation,
• Analysis of findings
• verification and generalization of the result etc.
GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY
To describe/Understand human behavior – Description
involves naming and classifying behaviour. This
description is based on careful, systematic procedure in
contrast to haphazard description of common sense.
o They try to find out why such behaviour occur?
o They takes existing theories and knowledge to explain
and understand behaviour.
o If there are no theories or researches that can explain
such behaviour,psychologists make tentative
statement(hypothesis)and try to test such hypothesis.
here psychologists explaining how and why it happens
 To predict human behavior –Sometime psychologists forecast
future event. By carefully analyzing the relationship between
different variables. prediction help in modifying behaviour.
what, when and under what conditions it will happen

 To control or modifying human behavior –to change or,

modify the specific behaviour that need to be corrected
through the psychological techniques. only the psychologists
who work in applied area are concerned with controlling
area.

 Improving the Quality of life —It provides the vision, how

can human behavior be shaped or improved to a desired
state/condition.
DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN PSYCHOLOGY AND ITS
DEFINITION
Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychological
Laboratory in 1879 in German to study the
consciousness. Wundt is regarded as the father of
modern psychology.

This new psychology regarded that the concept 'soul' and

'mind' is vague and outside the interest of science.
Definitions of ’soul and 'mind were completely rejected.

Wundt: psychology is the description and explanation of

“states of consciousness”.
"The subject matter of psychology became
consciousness- introspection became method and
Psychology became the subject of scientific investigatn.
Criticism of Wundt: John B. Watson criticized the content
(consciousness) and method (introspection) of Wundt's
psychology. It is subjective. Subjectivity is not science.

Watson (1913) made psychology an objective/positive science

when he defined psychology "as science of behavior".

He advocated and practiced scientific approach to the study of

behavior. His theory is called behaviorism and it focuses on
behavior not the mind.
(This is S-R approach to psychology.
S means stimulus and
R means response.
Behavior was considered as the function of stimulus and
response (B = [S,R]).
He says that “Behavior is observable and measurable with
objective technique”. Behaviorism always emphasizes the
study of observable behavior.
S-R psychology dominated the field of psychology for
several decades.

Later, the observable behavior (S-R) failed to explain

many complex behaviors.

Later, S-R paradigm led to the conception of S-O-R view

of human behavior. This view emphasized both
behavior and cognitive processes are important to
examine and to get a complete picture of human
functioning.

In other words, the concept of behavior is broadened

with the S-O-R view. Both 'subjective' and 'objective'
psychology is combined and organized.
Similarly, Sigmund Freud has explained three level and structure of
mind. (Pre-conscious , Conscious , Unconscious)(ID ,EGO and Super
Ego).
Other perspectives like Psychoanalysis and Gestalt psychology were
also in practice, Concept of whole rather than its small part)These
psychologies were Subjective in orientation as compared to
Watson's objective psychology.

Psychoanalyst and Gestalt psychologists look at the 'subjective' (or

inner) world of the individual and tried to find out the meaning
and source of the behavior 'inside' the individual. Behaviorist looks
'outside' (environment and person's response) for explanation of
human behavior.

Recently, David G. Myers (1997) defined psychology as 'the science

of behavior and mental processes'.

Robert S. Feldman in 2000 defined psychology as the 'scientific study

of human behavior and mental processes.‘
In the modem definition key terms include scientific
study of human behavior and mental or cognitive
processes.

It is accepted now that psychology is concerned with

both observed behavior and cognitive processes
(such as perception, thinking, and motivation and
so on) in their attempt to understand human
behavioral phenomena.

The subject matter of psychology is human

beings/Living Organism and the unit of analysis is
behavior (overt and covert).
Contemporary Perspectives/Theories in Psychology
Structuralism Perspective,
Functionalism Perspective
Gestalt Psychology
Biological Perspective,
Cognitive perspective,
Behavioral Perspective- Watson- learning Experience in
Shaping Behaviour.
Psychodynamic Perspective-Sigmund Freud-Emphasized
on unconscious motives.
Humanistic Perspective – Abrahm Maslow- freedom in
controlling human behaviour.
Socio-Cultural Perspective
Evolutionary Perspective
1. Structuralism (mental approach: Structure of mind ,
consciousness)
 Structuralism is a mental approach to study human
nature. It emphasizes on the study of structure of mind
(that constitute consciousness) Wundt germinated
structuralism but US psychologists Titchner developed
this school of thought.
2.Functionalism (mental approach: Function of mind)
Functionalism was developed by William James.
James was concerned with what the mind could do
rather than its structure.
According to James, studying the elements of mind could
tell us nothing about how it functions to help us to meet
the demands of life.
3.Behaviorism perspective (S-R Psychology)
John. B Watson was the first major American
psychologist to advocate a behavioural approach.
They believes that psychology is the study of
Observable behavior and every behaviour is the
result of environmental stimuli.
4.Gestalt perspective (Early Cognitive approach)
Gestalt is a German word that is translated as:
whole, configuration or organized structure in
English.The Slogan of Gestalts ,"The whole is
greater than sum of its parts.“
5.Psychoanalytic /psychodynamic perspective (mental
approach): Sigmund Freud developed this theory and
he advocate that :The behaviour is motivated /guided
by inner forces and conflicts (unconscious Mind) about
which we have little awareness or control.

7.Humanistic Psychology
This Perspective is developed by Abraham Maslow and
Carl Rogers during 1950s and 1960s.
According to them each person is a unique individual and
experience the world differently. All human beings
have a basic powerful inborn tenancy to grow and
improve their life.
8.The Physiological or Biological Perspective
The Contributor of this perspective is Lesley .The
working relationship between the body ,behaviour
and mental process is main focus of biological
perspective).Every behaviour is the result of our
Physiological changes.
9.Cognitive Perspective
George Miller and Jerome Bruner are contributor of
this perspective.The believes that every behaviour is
the result of our cognition(how it feels,calculates
and response)
10.Evolutionary Perspective: Evolutionary perspective
is based on the work developed by Charles Darwin
.He believes that behavioural change occurs in
people in accordance to their maturity. They
consider age related problems.

11.Philosophical Stage (Soul/Mind) -

Greek philosopher believes that soul is responsible for
the mental activities like: Thinking, feeling etc.They
also believes that soul also controls each and every
action of individuals.
12.SOCIAL- Cultural PERSPECTIVE:
This perspective believes that socialization process
shapes our psychology( personality ,beliefs ,
attitudes , skills)
Psychology as a Empirical Science
Empirical - (Practical Experiences rather than theories)
The contribution by Wundt has been important in helping to
make psychology itself as a science..

Psychology is the Empirical Science because:

1. Investigation is possible: psychology conducts many
experiments directly and employs scientific methods.
2. Observation and Experiment is possible- Psychology has its
own lab.
3. Accurate measurement is possible- Psychology includes
measurement it has many (clear) tests and measurements to
assign (personality, Disorders, IQ etc..)
4. Objectivity is possible- judgment based on observable
phenomena and uninfluencing by emotions and personal
prejudges.
5. Prediction is possible- It makes prediction about
human behaviours.
6. Generalization is possible-The data is recertified as
various statical tools available for facts
measurement.
7. It studies cause effect relationship
8.Psychology is systematic and use scientific method-
psychologists collect information of events by
careful observation in controlled experiments.

The tests done by one psychologists is no matter

how many times the test repeated, the answer
must always be same.
Methods of studying Psychology
Psychology is termed as the scientific study of Behaviour.
There are number of methods and techniques depending upon the
types and nature of the condition which observation have been
recorded :

1. Observation Method

2. Experimental Method

3. Clinical Method

4. Statistical Method

5. Survey Method

6. Case History Method

1.Observation Method:
This method is easy simple and traditional.
It provides valuable information about human
behaviour.
Human behaviour is more extensively understood in its
own environment rather than in a laboratory.
Observation may be Subjective or Objective.

Subjective observation- It is the process by which the

people ,rather than outsider observe their own feelings
desires and experiences (Introspection).

A person is encouraged to voice out their feelings by

giving them Questionnaires, through discussion and
interviews and also by giving them topic to speak on.
The weakness of this method is –
 people may alter the truth or hide harmful or
fearful issues that the would like to forget.

Some errors in judgment may occur in observation

or interpretation.
Children, old people, mental patients cannot
observe and explain properly.

Objective observation- Observation done by others.It

is done in natural setting and psychologist only
observe individuals behaviour and reactions without
any interference.
2. Experimental Method
This Method is Formalize and accurate of all scientific
method in study.

In 1879,Wundt established first psychology laboratory at

Leipzing University in Germany and since then it has
gained good standing in its ability to provide reliable
statistics in experimental way.

The experiments or research takes place in special

laboratories under artificially controlled conditions.
which requires special equipments ,well planned and
facilitated laboratory , equipments , Subject and
experimenter, problems, objectives, hypothesis etc,,,
In Experimental method certain hypothesis is framed on
the basis of the previous findings ,and is tested
systematically .
Advantages:
Accuracy/ Replication of result(same result again and
again)
Useful in generalizing by demonstrating the finding.
Limitations:
This method cannot be used on situation of choice
It is difficult to keep the person controlled fully.
It is very difficult to study unconscious mind of
individual .
Sometime a person shows irregular behaviour in a
controlled environment. So reliability may decrease.
3.Clinical Method This is used only when people
come to psychologists with personal problems.
Information is collected by interviewing the person.
They collect complete history of the subject and
record in the format of case study/case
history. Then only start to deal with the problem.
4.Statistical Method- For psychology to be recognized
as a science, stasticsis is very important.
The data received from studies are interpreted with
the help of this method.

Or, The term statistical method refers to the method

that is used to measure social phenomena
mathematically. It also helps to analyze the
collected data.

Different psychological tests like the intelligence test,

personality tests etc are standardized through this
method.
5) Survey Method – To understand Human behaviour
,survey method is more important .Large number
of information can gather quickly in low cost.This
method uses Questionnaires,interviews,rating
scales etc..to collect information.
Information usually collects on mass. Such as Election,
Consumers interest, thoughts of family planning,
women's right etc…Analysis of information
received from this method gives light on inner
mentality of an average person.
The survey method must be conducted by a trained
and experienced person.
Advantages:
 Gather large amount of information easily and quickly.
 Very economic and flexible.(Flexible in the sense we
can use other methods too while using this method).
 Trained personnel is also not required during data
collection because questionnaire are fixed in advance.

Limitation:
 People may not response honestly.
 Only surface information can be revealed by this
method.
 The sample taken may not represent whole population.
6)Case Study Method: It involve detail investigation
of a single individual or single organized group.
This method is specially used for diagnosis and
treatment.
 It attempts to analyze the life history of the person
from birth to present situation.
Observing and interviewing the near ones and
guardians is also included in this method.
It helps to find out the causes of behaviour
disorders.
Advantages:
 It can study particular case in detail.
 While conducting case study we can use observation
and interview method thus, is considered as flexible.
 It is very much useful in clinical setting for diagnosis
and treatment of problem.
 In-depth study of an issues.“Burgess called this method
as Social Microscope”

Disadvantages
 Time consuming.
 Costly
 Generalization is difficult because of in-depth study.
7. Scientific method- Science basically means a
systematic and objective study of a problem.
Formulation of problem/Identification of problem
Formulation of Hypothesis
Observation and collection of Data
Analysis of data/Experimentation
Generalization
Formulation of theory and law
Scope of Psychology
Psychology has made great progress in short time. It has
more than 100 branches. It involved itself with the
study and analysis of various aspects of human
behaviour under different environmental condition

It addresses different types of behaviouers,ranging from

the most basic biological process to how people are
affected by their culture.

The scope of psychology can be divided into two broad

branch:
1.Basic Area (Theoretical Psychology)
2.Applied Area ( Applied Psychology)
1.Basic Area (Theoretical Psychology)
Developmental Psychology
Social Psychology
Abnormal Psychology
Experimental Psychology
2.Applied Area ( Applied Psychology)
A)Psychology in the field of Medicine.
B) Counseling Psychology
C) Education Psychology
D)Psychology in self Development
E) Psychology In politics:
F) Psychologist in Industrial /Business
G.)Social Psychologists:
H) Community Psychologists
I) Psychology in the field of Criminology
1.Basic Area( Therotical Psychology) –
It is concerned with theoretical knowledge, principle
and research and is dedicated to develop different
theories relevant in psychology.

The primary aim of basic psychology is to answer

many psychological questions. The knowledge
gained by basic psychologist is applicable to solve
the problem of applied area.
Some of the area of Theoretical / Basic psychology are:
a) Developmental Psychology:
 It studies the changes, Growth and maturation of
behaviour across the life span such as physical,
mental, emotional and psychosocial etc.

 It studies the ways in which people change as well as

characteristics that remain fairly stable from birth to
old age.

Example: Child Psychology, Adolescent psychology, Adult

Psychology…
The knowledge acquired by this psychology is applicable
in Clinical and counseling psychology.
b) Social psychology- It deals with the group
behaviour and interrelationship of people in their
social setting.
It tries to find out how individual perceive the world
and how those perceptions affect their
behaviour.(prejudges,ledership,attraction etc)

It focus on the socialization process of individuals in

groups such as : parents, siblings,
playmates,crowds,communities,groups etc.
C) Abnormal Psychology: It is devoted to the study of abnormal
behaviour and psychopathology(causes) of such abnormality.

It studies Neurotic, psychotic and other abnormal individuals.

The subject matter of Abnormal psychology is to study the

causes of Abnormality , symptoms of Abnormality , possible
reason of Abnormality , description and treatment of the
abnormalities of behaviour.

Eg- It studies various mental illness, like:neurosis,

psychosis,mental retardation ans so on.

Application: to treat mentally ill people in clinical setting.

d) Experimental Psychology: It studies different
mental process by the help of experiments.
It is concerned with studying how behaviour is
modified and how people retained this
modification?
Similarly, How sensory process , thinking allow to
experience the world?

e) Geo-Psychology – It describes and explains the

relation of physical environment particularly
weather, climate ,soil, and landscape with
behaviour.
2.Applied Field:
Applied field of psychology is mainly concerned with
the application of principles and theories of pure
psychology in practical shape, to solve the real life
problems.

There are more than 100 branch to apply psychology.

Some of them are as follow:
Clinical
Counseling
Educational
Industrial etc
A) Psychology in the field of Medicine/clinical
setting: It helps to prevent, diagnosis, treat and
rehabilitate the person with psychological problem.

The application of Clinical Psychology(mental illness,

Juvenile Delinquencies, Criminal Behaviour, Drug
Addiction, Mental Retardation, Family and Marital
Problems)

It Contribute valuable therapeutic measures too.e.g-

play therapy, group therapies etc....
B)Psychology in the field of Criminology:
Psychological Knowledge helps in:
 detection of crime,
 Finding the motives behind crime and to deal with
criminal,
 Also helps in reducing crime.
3. Counseling Psychologists : They works similar to that
of the clinical Psychologist but the major difference is:
Clinical Psychologists handle severe problem but
counseling Psychologists generally work with people
who have mild(minor) emotional and personal
problems.

The Scope of counseling ranges from skill development,

helping client in decision making, Treating mild mental
illness, Career counselling,Family Counseling etc. They
may not be interested in treating mentally ill.

They use different tests to measure aptitudes, IQ and

personality characteristics and also use Psycho therapy
for treatment.
C) Psychologist in School
They are concerned with increasing the efficiency of
learning in school.
They help learners to learn, Teachers to teach,
Administrators to Administer and Educational
planners to plan efficiently and effectively.

Deal with problems of students( Problem related to

learning, behaviour and emotional difficulties) and
to help children with coping behaviours and
adjustment process.
D) Psychology in the field of self Development –
Psychology helps to the individual to know his
limitation, abilities and temperaments etc…

The understanding of oneself may lead one to change

his/her habit, seek self control (Decision making
ability, Self actualization)
E) Psychologist in Industry/Business Field.
Industrial Psychology is also known as Organizational or,
personnel psychology which has great influence in
salesman, Entrepreneur, Employee, Advertising, and
Manufacturing policy.

 Industrial psychologists take advantages of psychological

tests (Intelligence and aptitude) in selecting, hiring, placing
Qualified personnel for particular job and recommend
changes in training programme of employees.

 They help the institutions in boosting morale (confidence

and Cheerfulness) and productivity among employees by
establishing good relationships between the workers.

 Might do research on consumer attitudes towards the

companies products.
Increase working capacity and efficiency of both
Employer and employee (helps to built Harmonious
relationship between Manufacturer and Consumer)

Study of human behaviour which gets influenced by

different environmental condition, and give proper
treatment and rehabilitation if required.

Advice for Environmental conditions of work such

as: Hours of work, Ventilation, light ,temperature,
security of worker etc..

Helps for promotion by observing different

parameters and capabilities of individual.
f) Community Psychologists apply psychological
principles, ideas and points of view to solve problems
of community mental health issues.
I) To abolish the stereotype related to mental illness in
such community.
II) To spread awareness that even mental illness are
treatable.
III) Counseling to mitigate stereotype.

Psychology In the field of politics:

It teaches Psychology of group behaviour ,Group
dynamic, political propaganda and leadership etc…

Similarly provides various techniques of gaining

popularity, leading masses, knowledge of efficient
Administrator etc..
Contribution of psychology in different Field:
1. It is helpful for our self.
2. To help others.
3. Psychology as Career:
Clinical setting
NGOs ,INGOs
Counseling
Research and training
Teaching etc..
1. It is helpful for our self- By knowing the strength,
weakness we can modify our behaviour and tackle day
to day problems effectively. It also gives technique to
handle stress and tension, provides memorization
techniques , provides idea for effective interpersonal
relationship etc.

2. To help others- After studying psychology students

can know the factors influencing individual’s
behaviour and how to modify behaviour. Similarly you
will know how to help people with problem.

 Psychology as Career: Clinical Setting,NGOs

,INGOs,Counseling,Research and Training, Teaching
etc..