WHAT IS BAND GAP…??

 In Solid state physics, a band gap, also called an energy

gap or band gap, is an energy range in a solid where no
electron state exist.
WHY BANDS OCCUR IN MATERIALS…??

 Schrodinger equation
CONDUCTION AND VALENCE BAND
CONDUCTOR ENERGY BAND

•In term of the band theory

of solid, metals are unique
good for conductor of
electricity. This can be seen
to be a result of their valence
electrons being essentially
free.
•In the band theory, this is
depicted as an overlap of
their valence band and
conduction band so that at
least a fraction of the
valence electron can move
trough the material.
APPLICATIONS OF CONDUCTOR
CABLE

Cable is two or more wires

running side by side and bonded,
twisted or braided together to
form a single assembly
ALUMUNIUM WIRE
COPPER WIRE

Conductivity of copper
wire 401 W·m−1·K−1

Resistivity of copper
wire 16.78 nΩ·m
SEMICONDUCTOR ENERGY BAND

The energy gap of

semiconductors tend to
decrease as the
temperatures increased.
CONDUCTIVITY OF SEMICONDUCTOR BASED ON TEMPERATURE
FUNCTION

In semiconductor, the current is

transported by electrons moving with drift
velocity:

v = μE
Where, μ is electronic mobility

The conductivity in semiconductor:

σ=μqn
If the negative carrier (electron) has the
mobility, μn and the the positive carrier (hole)
has the mobility, μp, the conductivity of the
semiconductor becomes:

Where: n= negative concentration

p= positive concentration

For pure semiconductor, n = p = ni

Where ni is intrinsic concentration.
Where: EG0 = energy gap at 0 K
k = boltzmann’s constant
T = Temperature
A0 = independent constant

From the formula we get:

σ=μq
APPLICATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTOR
 PHOTORESISTOR

symbol

If light falling on device is of high enough

frequency, photons absorb by semiconductor give
bound electrons enough energy to jump into to the
conduction band.

Many consumer item that use inexpensive photo

Light dependent resistor resistors are camera light meters, street light,
clock radio, alarm, outdoor clock.
SOLAR CELL
Solar cell is a device that converts the
energy of sunlight directly into
electricity by the photovoltaic effect

Photovoltaic are best known as a

method for generating electric
power by using solar cells to
convert energy from the sun into
electricity

The Photovoltaic effect refers to photon of light knocking electron into a

higher state of energy to create electricity.
Simple explanation:

•Photons in sunlight hit the solar

panel and are absorbed by
semiconductor materials, such as
silicon.

•Electrons (negatively charged)

are knocked loose from their
atoms, allowing them to flow
through the material to produce
electricity. Due to the special
composition of solar cells, the
electrons are only allowed to move
in a single direction.

•An array of solar cells converts

solar energy into a usable amount
of direct current (DC) electricity.
WHAT IS A PHOTOCOPYING...??

 Photocopying is a machine that makes paper copies of

document and other visual images quickly and cheaply.

 Most current photocopying use a technology called

XEROGRAPHY, a dry process using heat.

 The mechanics of photocopying is based on the principle of

photoconductivity

 What is photoconductivity…??
WHAT IS PHOTOCONDUCTIVITY..??
 Photoconductivity is an optical and electrical
phenomenon in which a material becomes of
electromagnetic radiation such as visible light, UV
light, infrared light or gamma light.

 Photoconductivity is a specific type of radio

conductivity. more electrically conductive due to the
absorption

 Two classic example of photoconductive materials are

the polymer polyvinylcarbazole, lead sulfide, and
selenium.
HOW A PHOTOCOPYING WORKS..??

1. Charging
2. Exposure
3. Developing
4. Transfer
5. Fusing