PC HARDWARE

ASSIGNMENT
By:
M.SHAMRIN SOFIA
B.COM (PA)
18COAE049
CONTENTS:
 RAM MEANING, OPERATION AND TYPES.

 PROCESSOR(CPU) MEANING, FUNCTIONS AND

TYPES.

 OPERATING SYSTEM(OS) MEANING AND TYPES.

 TODAY’S TECHNOLOGY AND ADVANTAGES.

1.RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM):

 RAM (Random Access Memory) is the

hardware in a computing device
where the operating system (OS),
application programs and data in
current use are kept so they can be
quickly reached by the device's
processor. RAM is the main memory
in a computer, and it is much faster to
read from and write to than other
kinds of storage, such as a hard disk
drive (HDD), solid-state drive (SSD)
or optical drive.
The term random access as applied to RAM comes from the fact that
any storage location, also known as any memory address, can be
accessed directly. Originally, the term Random Access Memory was
used to distinguish regular core memory from offline memory.

Most PCs enable users to add RAM modules up to a certain limit.

Having more RAM in a computer cuts down on the number of times the
processor must read data from the hard disk, an operation that takes
longer than reading data from RAM. RAM access time is in
nanoseconds, while storage memory access time is in milliseconds.
TYPES OF RAM:

 DYNAMIC RAM (DRAM)

 STATIC RAM (SRAM)
 EDO RAM
 DDR SDRAM
 RD RAM
DRAM:
 Dynamic RAM, or DRAM is a form of random access memory, RAM which is used
in many processor systems to provide the working memory.

 DRAM is widely used in digital electronics where low-cost and high-capacity

memory is required.

 Dynamic RAM, DRAM is used where very high levels of memory density are
needed, although against this it is quite power hungry so this needs to be
considered if it is to be used.
SRAM:
 SRAM or Static Random Access Memory is a form of semiconductor memory
widely used in electronics, microprocessor and general computing
applications.

 While the data in the SRAM memory does not need to be refreshed
dynamically, it is still volatile, meaning that when the power is removed from
the memory device, the data is not held, and will disappear.
EDO RAM:
 EDO (Extended Data Output) RAM : In an EDO RAMs, any memory location can
be accessed. Stores 256 bytes of data information into latches. The latches
hold next 256 bytes of information so that in most programs, which are
sequentially executed, the data are available without wait states.

 EDO RAM is a type of random access memory (RAM) chip that improves the
time to read from memory on faster microprocessors such as the Intel
Pentium. EDO RAM was initially optimized for the 66 MHz Pentium. For faster
computers, different types of synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM) are
recommended.
DDR SDRAM:
 DDR-SDRAM (Double Data Rate – SDRAM) : This
RAM transfers data on both edges of the
clock. Therefore the transfer rate of the data
becomes doubles.

 DDR SDRAM modules for desktop computers,

dual in-line memory modules (DIMMs), have
184 pins (as opposed to 168 pins on SDRAM, or
240 pins on DDR2 SDRAM), and can be
differentiated from SDRAM DIMMs by the
number of notches
RD RAM:
 Rambus DRAM (RDRAM): The RDRAM provides a very high data transfer rate
over a narrow CPU-memory bus. It uses various speedup mechanisms, like
synchronous memory interface, caching inside the DRAM chips and very fast
signal timing. The Rambus data bus width is 8 or 9 bits.

 Rambus DRAM was developed for high-bandwidth applications, and was

positioned by Rambus as replacement for various types of contemporary
memories, such as SDRAM.
2.PROCESSOR:
 The processor or CPU is the brain of the computer, it reads and executes
program instructions, performs calculations and makes decisions.

 The CPU is responsible for storing and retrieving information on disks and
other media, It controls all internal and external devices, performs arithmetic
and logic operations.

 CPU as termed computer brain or powerful calculator, executes a sequence of

stored instructions called a program, This program is in the form of numbers
which is placed in computer memory.
TYPES OF CPU:

 There are two primary manufacturers of computer microprocessors. Intel and

Advanced Micro Devices (AMD).Currently, wide varieties of computer
processor types are available on the market. Both Intel and AMD, the largest
microprocessor manufacturers in the world, have introduced several types of
computer processors.ead the market in terms of speed and quality.
INTEL CORE:
 Intel Core is a line of mid- to high-end consumer, workstation, and
enthusiast central processing units (CPU) marketed by Intel Corporation.
These processors displaced the existing mid- to high-end Pentium processors
of the time moving the Pentium to the entry level, and bumping the Celeron
series of processors to the low end. Identical or more capable versions of Core
processors are also sold as Xeon processors for the server and workstation
markets.
AMD: (SEMPRON)
 Sempron has been the marketing name used by AMD for several different
budget desktop CPUs, using several different technologies and CPU socket
formats. The Sempron replaced the AMD Duron processor and competes
against Intel's Celeron series of processors. AMD coined the name from the
Latin semper, which means always, to suggest the Sempron is suitable for
daily use, practical, and part of everyday life.
3. OPERATING SYSTEM: (OS)
 An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the
software and the computer hardware.

 It is an integrated set of specialized programs used to manage overall

resources and operations of the computer.

 It is a specialized software that controls and monitors the execution of all

other programs that reside in the computer, including application programs
and other system software.
TYPES OF OS:

 AMIGA OS
 TEMPLE OS
 FREE BSD
 ORACLE SOLARIS
 ECOM STATION
AMIGA OS:
 Amiga Inc. was founded in 1982. The Amiga was developed first as game
console, the Amiga designed from his mental father Jay Miner represent a
complete computer. The hardware basis was developed and marketed self.

 In the Amiga, like on other computers, the operating system consists of a

part that is loaded from disk (floppy disk or hard disk), and a part which is
stored in higher speed and/or read only memory (e.g. ROM or PROM chips on
the computer motherboard).
TEMPLE OS:
 Temple OS is a Christianity-themed operating system written by Terry A.
Davis, who developed it alone over the course of a decade after a series of
episodes that he later described as a revelation from God.

 The system was characterized as a modern x86-64 Commodore 64, using an

interface similar to a mixture of DOS and Turbo C. It was programmed with an
original variation of C (named HolyC) in place of BASIC, and included an
original flight simulator, compiler and kernel.
FREEBSD:
 FreeBSD is a free and open-source Unix-like operating system descended from
the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), which was based on Research Unix.
The first version of FreeBSD was released in 1993. In 2005, FreeBSD was the
most popular open-source BSD operating system, accounting for more than
three-quarters of all installed BSD systems.

 The FreeBSD project includes a security team overseeing all software shipped
in the base distribution.
ORACLE SOLARIS:
 Solaris is a Unix operating system originally developed by Sun Microsystems. It
superseded their earlier SunOS in 1993. In 2010, after the Sun acquisition by
Oracle, it was renamed Oracle Solaris.

 Oracle Solaris has a reputation for being well-suited to symmetric

multiprocessing, supporting a large number of CPUs.
ECOM STATION:
 EComStation or eCS is a PC operating system based on OS/2, published
by Serenity Systems and Mensys BV and currently owned and developed by
XEU.com. It includes several additions and accompanying software not
present in the IBM version of the system.

 EComStation is a 32-bit operating system which runs exclusively on

the x86 processor architecture (real or virtualized) and is still used as of 2018.
4. TODAY’S TECHNOLOGY:
 Over the years, technology has revolutionized our world. Technology has
created amazing tools and resources, putting useful information at our
fingertips.

 Modern technology has made it possible for the discovery of many multi-
functional devices like the smart watch and the smart phone. With all of
these revolutions, technology has also made our lives easier, faster, better
and more fun.
TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION:
 Technology will continue to have a huge impact on our society. It has changed
everything we do today the way we dress, way we get around, way we
communicate, starts trends, what we do for a living pretty much everything we
do has or will be impacted by technology.
 Advantages of technology:
 Best communication.
 Better education.
 Different jobs.
 Easier life.
 Save time.
 Entertainment.
 Create new things.
 Advancing and improving.
 Allow us to things we never thought we could do.
- M.SHAMRIN SOFIA
18COAE049