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Labor Markets
Chapter 18
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Factors of Production
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The Market for the Factors of
Production
The demand for a factor of
production is a derived demand.
A firm’s demand for a factor of
production is derived from its
decision to supply a good in
another market.
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The Demand for Labor
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The Versatility of Supply and
Demand...
(a) The Market for Apples (b) The Market for Apple Pickers
Wage of
Price of Apple
Apples Supply
Pickers Supply
P W
Demand
Demand
0 Q Quantity 0 L Quantity of
of Apples Apple Pickers
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The Demand For Labor
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The Production Function and
The Marginal Product of Labor
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How the Competitive Firm Decides
How Much Labor to Hire
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The Production Function...
350
300 5
4
250
Quantity of Apples
200
2
150
100 1
50
0
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Quantity of Apple Pickers
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The Production Function and The
Marginal Product of Labor
The marginal product of labor is
the increase in the amount of
output from an additional unit of
labor.
MPL = DQ/DL
MPL = (Q2 – Q1)/(L2 – L1)
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Diminishing Marginal Product
of Labor
As the number of workers increases, the
marginal product of labor declines.
As more and more workers are hired,
each additional worker contributes less to
production than the prior one.
The production function becomes flatter
as the number of workers rises.
This property is called diminishing
marginal product.
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The Production Function...
350
300 5
4
250
Quantity of Apples
200
2
150
100 1
50
0
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Quantity of Apple Pickers
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The Value of the Marginal
Product of Labor
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The Value of the Marginal
Product of Labor
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The Value of the Marginal Product
and the Demand for Labor
VMPL = Wage
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The Value of the Marginal Product
and the Demand for Labor
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The Value of the Marginal Product
of Labor...
Value of
the
Marginal
Product
Market
wage
0 Profit-maximizing Quantity of
quantity Apple Pickers
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Input Demand and Output
Supply
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What Causes the Labor
Demand Curve to Shift?
Output Price
Technological Change
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The Labor Supply Curve
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The Labor Supply Curve
Wage
(price of
labor) Supply
0 Quantity of
Labor
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What Causes the Labor Supply
Curve to Shift?
Changes in Tastes
Changes in Alternative
Opportunities
Immigration
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Equilibrium in the Labor
Market
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Equilibrium in the Labor
Market...
Wage
(price of
labor)
Supply
Equilibrium
wage, W
Demand
0 Equilibrium Quantity of
employment, L Labor
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Equilibrium in the Labor
Market
Labor supply and labor demand
determine the equilibrium wage.
Shifts in the supply or demand
curve for labor cause the
equilibrium wage to change.
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A Shift in Labor Supply...
Wage
(price of Supply, S1 1. An increase in
labor) labor supply...
S2
W1
W2
2. ...reduces
the wage...
Demand
3. ...and raises employment.
0 L1 L2 Quantity of
Labor
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A Shift in Labor Supply
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A Shift in Labor Demand...
Wage
(price of Supply
labor)
W2
1. An increase in
labor demand...
W1
2. ...increases
the wage... D2
Demand, D1
0 L1 L2 Quantity of
Labor
3. ...and increases employment.
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Shifts in Labor Demand
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Three Determinants of
Productivity
Physical Capital
When workers work with a larger quantity of
equipment and structures, they produce more.
Human Capital
When workers are more educated, they produce
more.
Technological Knowledge
When workers have access to more sophisticated
technologies, they produce more.
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Productivity and Wage Growth
in the United States
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Productivity and Wage Growth
around the World
Growth Rate
Growth Rate of Real
Country of Productivity Wages
South Korea 8.5 7.9
Hong Kong 5.5 4.9
Singapore 5.3 5.0
Indonesia 4.0 4.4
Japan 3.6 2.0
India 3.1 3.4
United Kingdom 2.4 2.4
United States 1.7 0.5
Brazil 0.4 -2.4
Mexico -0.2 -3.0
Argentina -0.9 -1.3
Iran -1.4 -7.9
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Other Factors of Production:
Land and Capital
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Prices of Land and Capital
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Equilibrium in Markets for
Land and Capital
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The Markets for Land and
Capital...
(a) The Market for Land (b) The Market for Capital
Supply Rental
Rental Price of
Price of Capital Supply
Land
P P
Demand
Demand
0 Q Quantity 0 Q Quantity of
of Land Capital
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Equilibrium in Markets for
Land and Capital
Each factor’s rental price must equal
the value of their marginal product.
They each earn the value of their
marginal contribution to the
production process.
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Linkages Among the Factors of
Production
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Linkages Among the Factors of
Production
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Linkages Among the Factors of
Production
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Summary
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Summary
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Summary
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Graphical
Review
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The Versatility of Supply and
Demand...
(a) The Market for Apples (b) The Market for Apple Pickers
Wage of
Price of Apple
Apples Supply
Pickers Supply
P W
Demand
Demand
0 Q Quantity 0 L Quantity of
of Apples Apple Pickers
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Production Function...
350
300 5
4
250
Quantity of Apples
200
2
150
100 1
50
0
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Quantity of Apple Pickers
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The Value of the Marginal Product
of Labor...
Value of
the
Marginal
Product
Market
wage
0 Profit-maximizing Quantity of
quantity Apple Pickers
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The Labor Supply Curve
Wage
(price of
labor) Supply
0 Quantity of
Labor
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Equilibrium in the Labor
Market...
Wage
(price of
labor)
Supply
Equilibrium
wage, W
Demand
0 Equilibrium Quantity of
employment, L Labor
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A Shift in Labor Supply...
Wage
(price of Supply, S1 1. An increase in
labor) labor supply...
S2
W1
W2
2. ...reduces
the wage...
Demand
3. ...and raises employment.
0 L1 L2 Quantity of
Labor
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A Shift in Labor Demand...
Wage
(price of Supply
labor)
W2
1. An increase in
labor demand...
W1
2. ...increases
the wage... D2
Demand, D1
0 L1 L2 Quantity of
Labor
3. ...and increases employment.
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The Markets for Land and
Capital...
(a) The Market for Land (b) The Market for Capital
Supply Rental
Rental Price of
Price of Capital Supply
Land
P P
Demand
Demand
0 Q Quantity 0 Q Quantity of
of Land Capital
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