MAT-1011

Calculus for
Engineers

Dr.H. Niranjan,
Mathematics
Department,SAS
niranjan.hari@vit.ac.in
A place to get information,
learn, like… Mathematics;
Lecture
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Career. Class-1/II
Think & Observe about the graph
Module:1
 Applications of Single Variable Differentiation and Integration
 Differentiation

o Extrema on an Interval
o Rolle’s Theorem and the Mean Value

Theorem
Integration
o Increasing and Decreasing functions
o Average function value
o First derivative test-Second derivative test
o Area between curves
o Maxima and Minima-Concavity.
o Volumes of solids of revolution
o Beta and Gamma functions–interrelation
Extreme Values of Functions
 This topic shows how to locate and identify extreme
(maximum or minimum) values of a function from its derivative.

 Once we can do this, we can solve a variety of problems in

which we find the optimal (best) way to do something in a given
situation.

 Finding maximum and minimum values is one of the most

important applications of the derivative.
For examples:
 What are the dimensions of a rectangle with fixed
perimeter having maximum area?

 What are the dimensions for the least expensive cylindrical

can of a given volume?

How many items should be produced for the most

profitable production run?

Each of these questions asks for the best, or optimal,

value of a given function.
Definition:
Let ƒ be a function with domain D. Then ƒ has
an absolute maximum value on D at a point c if

f(x) ≤ ƒ(c) for all x in D.

and an absolute minimum value on D at c if

f(x) ≥ ƒ(c) for all x in D.

Maximum and minimum values are called extreme
values of the function ƒ.Absolute maxima or minima
are also referred to as global maxima or minima.
Absolute extrema for the sine and cosine functions.
For example, on the closed
interval [- Π/2, Π/2] the functi
on ƒ(x) = cos x takes on an abs
olute maximum value of 1
(once) and an absolute
minimum value of 0 (twice).

On the same interval, the

function g(x) = sin x takes on a
maximum value of 1 and a mini
mum value of -1 (Figure ).
IMPORTANCE OF DOMAIN

Functions with the same defining rule or

formula can have different extrema (maxim-
um or minimum values),depending on the
domain.We see this in the following example
The absolute extrema of the following functions on their
domains can be seen in Figure. Notice that a function might
not have a maximum or minimum if the domain is unbounded
or fails to contain an endpoint.

E
X
A
M
L
E
-1
THEOREM 1—The Extreme Value Theorem
Daniel Bernoulli (1700–1789)

If ƒ is continuous on a closed interval [a, b], then ƒ

attains both an absolute maximum value M and an
absolute minimum value m in [a, b].

That is, there are numbers x1 and x2 in [a, b] with and

ƒ(x1) = m, ƒ(x2) = M, and m ≤ ƒ(x) ≤ M

for every other x in [a, b].
Key Points:
o The requirements in Theorem 1 that the interval be
closed and finite, and that the function be continuous, a
re key ingredients. Without them, the conclusion of the
theorem need not hold.

o Example 1 shows that an absolute extreme value may

not exist if the interval fails to be both closed and finite.

o Figure 4.4 shows that the continuity requirement cann

ot be omitted.
Some possibilities for a continuous function’s maximum
and minimum on a closed interval [a, b].
IMPORTANCE OF CONTINUITY

Even a single point of discontinuity

can keep a function from having
either a maximum or minimum
value on a closed interval.
The function y is
continuous at every
point of [0, 1] except
x=1, yet its graph
over [0, 1] does not
have a highest point.
Local (Relative) Extreme Values
DEFINITIONS
A function ƒ has a local maximum value at a point c with
in its domain D if f(x) ≤ ƒ(c) for all x Є D lying in some ope
n interval containing c.

A function ƒ has a local minimum value at a point c withi

n its domain D if f(x) ≥ ƒ(c) for all x Є D lying in some ope
n interval containing c.
ƒ(x) = sin (1/x) on the interval (0, 1].
The First Derivative Test for Local Extreme Values

If ƒ has a local maximum or minimum value at

an interior point c of its domain, and if is defined
at c, then ƒ’(c) = 0.
Critical point

An interior point of the domain

of a function ƒ where f’ is zero
or undefined is a critical point
of ƒ.
 Critical points without extreme values.
y’=3x2 is 0 at x=0 but has y=x3 no extremum there.
 Critical points without extreme values.
y' = (1/3) x-2/3 is undefined at x=0 but y = x1/3 has no
extremum there.
So neither function has a local extreme
value at the origin. Instead, each
function has a point of inflection there.
How to Find the Absolute Extrema
of a Continuous Function ƒ on a
Finite Closed Interval.
1. Evaluate ƒ at all critical points and endpoints.

2. Take the largest and smallest of these values.

Example-1

Find the absolute maximum and

minimum values of ƒ(x)= x2 on
[-2.1].
Solution
The function is differentiable over its entire domain, so the only
critical point is where f’(x) = 2x=0, namely, x=0. We need to
check the function’s values at x=0 and at the endpoints x=-2
and x=1:

Critical point value: ƒ(0) = 0

Endpoint values: ƒ(-2) = 4, ƒ(1) = 1.
The function has an absolute maximum value of 4 at and an
absolute minimum value of 0 at
Example-2
Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of
ƒ(x) = x2/3 on the interval [-2, 3].
EXAMPLE -2
Find the absolute maximum
and minimum values of

ƒ(x) = 10x (2 - ln x)

on the interval [1, e2].