Chapter 2.

Concentration
of Solutions
Concentration

Refers to the amount of solute present in a given

amount of solvent.
A solution is concentrated if it contains greater
amount of solute compared to the solvent while
a solution is diluted if it contains a greater
amount of solvent compared to the solute
I. Percent by mass
This express the mass of solute per 100g of solution .
Mass of solution is equal to the mass of solute plus the mass of solvent.
A solution that contains 30% by mass of sugar means that the solution
contains 30g of sugar and 70% of water.
It also means that there are 30g of sugar per 100g of solution.

The formula for percent by mass is:

% by mass solute = Mass solute x 100
Mass of solution
Mass solution= mass solute + mass of solvent
 One hundred grams of air consists of 78g nitrogen, 21g of oxygen, 0.04g
CO2, and 0.06 of other gases. This method is also frequently used in the field
of allied health.
If the solution involves a solute and a solvent that are both liquids, then
percent by volume is used instead of mass .

The formula is found below.

% by Volume solute = Volume solute x 100

Volume solution

Volume solution= Volume solute + Volume solvent

 II. Parts per Million
 Three percent by mass of solute means that there are 3g of solute per
100g of solution or parts per million (pph). In some cases when the
concentration of solute is present is very low, it is more convenient to
use parts per million.
 For example, in expressing the amount of dissolved oxygen in water ,
parts per million is used.
 The concentration of carbon dioxide in air is 0.0380% but in parts per
million, this is equivalent to 380ppm

Parts per million is mathematically expressed as:

Parts per million= mass of solute x 1,000,000

mass solution
Sample Problem
A. What is the % by the mas and ppm of the following
solutions:
1. 30g of NaCl and 105g of water

Solution: mass of solute 30.0 g NaCl

mass of solution 30 g NaCl + 105 g of water = 135 g

% by mass solute= 30 g NaCl x 100 = 22.2 %

135 g solution

Ppm = 30 g NaCl x 100 = 222222ppm

135 g solution
2. What is the concentration in ppm of a solution
that is 0.000077% by mass solute?

0.000077% = 0.000077 g solute

100% gram solution

Ppm = 0.000077 g solute x 1,000,000 = 0.77 ppm

gram solution
3. 45.0 g of HCl in 200.0 g solution

Solution mass solute 45.0 g HCl

mass of solution 200.0 g

% by mass solute = 45.0 g HCl x 100 = 22.5%

200.0 g solution
B. What mass of NaCl is needed to prepare 30.0 % by mass of
500.0 g solution of NaCl

Solution 30.0% by mass of NaCl solution means that there are

30.0 g NaCl per 100 g solution or 30.0 g NaCl
per 70.0 g water

500.0 g solution x 30.0 g NaCl = 150 g NaCl

100 g solution
C.How many grams water is needed to prepare 2.5% by
mass of 367 g sugar solution?

Solution

2.5 by mass sugar solution means that there 2.5 g

of water
per 100 g solution or 2.5 g sugar per 97.5 g water.

367 g solution x 97.5 g water = 357.8 g water

100 g solution
SHEILA MARIE APAWAN