HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

Simplified flowchart of the resource cycle

1
Pollutants movements in the environment

2
October, 2000. River Severn, England In November, 2000, the same site was
hazardous waste site, fire and flooded spreading the hazardous
explosion of 200 tons of chemicals pollutants further and deeper

3
Characteristics of Hazardous Waste:
• Flammable
• Oxidizer
• Corrosive
• Reactive
• Explosive
• Toxic (LD50 < 500mg/kg)

"Cradle to Grave" responsibility: As a generator, you are responsible for proper

management of hazardous chemical wastes in your laboratory or service area.

Past Deficiencies
Hazardous waste disposed off in the sewer or the trash.
• Waste not evaluated properly (no label, no MSDS).
• Improper labelling.
• Improper storage and waste segregation.
• Containers not closed properly.
• Lack of secondary containment.
• Lack of training documentation.
• Hazardous waste disposal request forms improperly filled out.
• Hazardous waste improperly packaged for shipment

4
http://chemical-net.env.go.jp/pdf/20150806_Seminar2_eng.pdf 5
 Overview of Hazardous Waste Management in Malaysia
Rapid growth between 1966 and 1988 in the manufacturing sector in
Malaysia has also resulted in the increased generation of toxic and
hazardous wastes.

It has been accounted for 400,000 ton3 in 1987; however, there was no
institutional mechanism for managing the wastes.
For comparison, in 2008, the hazardous waste volume was 1,304,902
ton3 and it keeps increasing.

In collaboration with Denmark, Malaysia has prepared first regulation

on HW management in 1984, the final draft was approved in 1989.

The following slides outline the major points related to the SW

legislation development in Malaysia.
Overview of Hazardous Waste Management Status in Malaysia. Ogboo Chikere Aja, Hussain H. Al-Kayiem, Mesfin Gizaw Zewge and Meheron
6
Selowara Joo http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/63682
 7
http://chemical-net.env.go.jp/pdf/20150806_Seminar2_eng.pdf
 1. Malaysian hazardous waste management legislation
Under EQA 1974, section 34A, EQ (prescribed activities
/environmental impact assessment) Order 1987,
article 18a outlines procedure for sustainable management of
hazardous waste, which covers construction of incineration
plants, off-site recovery plants, off-site waste water treatment
plants, secure landfill sites, and offsite waste storage facilities .

EQ (scheduled wastes) Regulations, 1989 specifically covers the

management of SW from generation to final disposal. It
classifies the most common HSW and defines incompatible
scheduled waste.
This regulation was replaced by EQ (scheduled wastes)
Regulations, 2005, guidelines of which we will discuss during
this training.

Overview of Hazardous Waste Management Status in Malaysia. Ogboo Chikere Aja, Hussain H. Al-Kayiem, Mesfin Gizaw Zewge and Meheron
8
Selowara Joo http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/63682
 2. Malaysian hazardous waste management legislation
EQ (prescribed premises /scheduled wastes treatment & disposal
facilities) Order, 1989 prescribed the licensed premises occupation
that include off-site storage facilities, off-site treatment facilities,
off-site recovery facilities, scheduled waste incinerators, land
treatment facilities, and secure landfills.
In compliance with the Basel Convention on control of transboundary
hazardous waste, the Malaysian Customs Act, 1967 import prohibits
importation or exportation of HW unless with prior written
approval from the Director General of DoE:
• Custom (Prohibition of Export) Order (Amendment) (No. 2) 1993 now
replaced with Custom (Prohibition of Export) Order 1998.
• Custom (Prohibition of Import) Order (Amendment) (No. 2) 1993 now
replace with Custom (Prohibition of Import) Order 1998.

Overview of Hazardous Waste Management Status in Malaysia. Ogboo Chikere Aja, Hussain H. Al-Kayiem, Mesfin Gizaw Zewge and Meheron
9
Selowara Joo http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/63682
 3. Malaysian hazardous waste management legislation
DoE does not encourage the import of HW waste into the country.
Waste generators are allowed to export waste for recycling, recovery,
or treatment with prior written approval from the importing state
to discourage abuse of other nations’ rights.
Malaysia does allow importations of used electrical and electronics
equipment (WEEE), provided such products are not older than
three years from manufacturing date following the guideline
policies for the classification of used electrical and electronic
equipment in Malaysia 2008, revised in 2010.

Latest: Malaysia has issued a permanent ban on the import of plastic

waste effective Friday (Oct 26, 2018). The Housing and Local
Government Minister said the country would also be phasing out
the import of other types of plastic within three years.
https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/10/26/malaysia-issues-permanent-ban-on-import-of-plastic-waste/#W8MoPJwdJAEy42L3.99

*plastic is not HW but it is recycling produces HW/emissions

Overview of Hazardous Waste Management Status in Malaysia. Ogboo Chikere Aja, Hussain H. Al-Kayiem, Mesfin Gizaw Zewge and Meheron
10
Selowara Joo http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/63682
 Exclusive rights to Kualiti Alam Sdn. Bhd

In 1995, one of the companies, Kualiti Alam Sdn. Bhd, a

consortium of Malaysian and Danish companies was given
approval to establish integrated scheduled waste plant and
was granted the exclusive right operate the plant for 15 years.
Kualiti Alam Sdn Bhd was given the responsibilities for waste
collection, transportation, treatment, and final disposal of
hazardous waste.

Overview of Hazardous Waste Management Status in Malaysia. Ogboo Chikere Aja, Hussain H. Al-Kayiem, Mesfin Gizaw Zewge and Meheron Selowara Joo
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/63682 11
 Categories and groups of SW based on EQ SW regulation 2005:

There are 77 categories defined in the First Scheduled Waste of

EQ regulation 2005, which are classified into five (5) groups:
SW1: Metal and metal-bearing wastes
SW 2: Wastes containing principally inorganic constituents
which may contain metals and organic materials
SW3: Wastes containing principally organic constituents which
may contain metals and inorganic materials
SW 4: Wastes which may contain either inorganic or organic
constituents
SW 5: Other wastes
HW are from different sources such as industrial sector,
agricultural sector, health sector, and households.

Overview of Hazardous Waste Management Status in Malaysia. Ogboo Chikere Aja, Hussain H. Al-Kayiem, Mesfin Gizaw Zewge and Meheron Selowara Joo
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/63682 12
SW 1 Metal and metal-bearing wastes
SW 101 Waste containing arsenic or its compound
SW 102 Waste of lead acid batteries in whole or crushed form
SW 103 Waste of batteries containing cadmium and nickel or mercury or
lithium
SW 104 Dust, slag, dross or ash containing arsenic, mercury, lead, cadmium,
chromium, nickel, copper, vanadium, beryllium, antimony, tellurium,
thallium or selenium excluding slag from iron and steel factory
SW 105 Galvanic sludges
SW 106 Residues from recovery of acid pickling liquor
SW 107 Slags from copper processing for further processing or refining
containing
arsenic, lead or cadmium
SW 108 Leaching residues from zinc processing in dust and sludges form
SW 109 Waste containing mercury or its compound
SW 110 Waste from electrical and electronic assemblies containing
components such as accumulators, mercury-switches, glass from cathode-
ray tubes and other activated glass or polychlorinated biphenyl-
capacitors, or contaminated with cadmium, mercury, lead, nickel,
chromium, copper, lithium, silver, manganese or polychlorinated biphenyl
13
SW 2 Wastes containing principally inorganic
constituents which may contain metals and organic
materials
SW 201 Asbestos wastes in sludges, dust or fibre forms
SW 202 Waste catalysts
SW 203 Immobilized scheduled wastes including
chemically fixed, encapsulated, solidified or stabilized
sludges
SW 204 Sludges containing one or several metals
including chromium, copper, nickel, zinc, lead,
cadmium, aluminium, tin, vanadium and beryllium
SW 205 Waste gypsum arising from chemical industry or
power plant
SW 206 Spent inorganic acids
SW 207 Sludges containing fluoride

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SW 3 Wastes containing principally organic constituents
which may contain metals
and inorganic materials
SW 301 Spent organic acids with pH less or equal to 2 which
are corrosive or hazardous
SW 302 Flux waste containing mixture of organic acids,
solvents or compounds of
ammonium chloride
SW 303 Adhesive or glue waste containing organic solvents
excluding solid polymeric
materials
SW 304 Press cake from pretreatment of glycerol soap lye
SW 305 Spent lubricating oil
SW 306 Spent hydraulic oil
SW 307 Spent mineral oil-water emulsion
SW 308 Oil tanker sludges
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SW 309 Oil-water mixture such as ballast water
SW 310 Sludge from mineral oil storage tank
SW 311 Waste oil or oily sludge
SW 312 Oily residue from automotive workshop, service station, oil or
grease interceptor
SW 313 Oil contaminated earth from re-refining of used lubricating oil
SW 314 Oil or sludge from oil refinery plant maintenance operation
SW 315 Tar or tarry residues from oil refinery or petrochemical plant
SW 316 Acid sludge
SW 317 Spent organometallic compounds including tetraethyl lead,
tetramethyl lead and
organotin compounds
SW 318 Waste, substances and articles containing or contaminated
with polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB) or polychlorinated triphenyls (PCT)
SW 319 Waste of phenols or phenol compounds including
chlorophenol in the form of liquids or sludges

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SW 320 Waste containing formaldehyde
SW 321 Rubber or latex wastes or sludge containing
organic solvents or heavy metals
SW 322 Waste of non-halogenated organic solvents
SW 323 Waste of halogenated organic solvents
SW 324 Waste of halogenated or unhalogenated non-
aqueous distillation residues arising
from organic solvents recovery process
SW 325 Uncured resin waste containing organic solvents
or heavy metals including epoxy
resin and phenolic resin
SW 326 Waste of organic phosphorus compound
SW 327 Waste of thermal fluids (heat transfer) such as
ethylene glycol

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SW 4 Wastes which may contain either inorganic or organic constituents
SW 401 Spent alkalis containing heavy metals
SW 402 Spent alkalis with pH more or equal to 11.5 which are corrosive or hazardous
SW 403 Discarded drugs containing psychotropic substances or containing substances that
are toxic, harmful, carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic
SW 404 Pathogenic wastes, clinical wastes or quarantined materials
SW 405 Waste arising from the preparation and production of pharmaceutical product
SW 406 Clinker, slag and ashes from scheduled wastes incinerator
SW 407 Waste containing dioxins or furans
SW 408 Contaminated soil, debris or matter resulting from cleaning-up of a spill of
chemical, mineral oil or scheduled wastes
SW 409 Disposed containers, bags or equipment contaminated with chemicals, pesticides,
mineral oil or scheduled wastes
SW 410 Rags, plastics, papers or filters contaminated with scheduled wastes
SW 411 Spent activated carbon excluding carbon from the treatment of potable water and
processes of the food industry and vitamin production
SW 412 Sludges containing cyanide
SW 413 Spent salt containing cyanide

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SW 428 Wastes from wood preserving operation using
inorganic salts containing copper,
chromium or arsenic of fluoride compounds or using
compound containing
chlorinated phenol or creosote
SW 429 Chemicals that are discarded or off-specification
SW 430 Obsolete laboratory chemicals
SW 431 Waste from manufacturing or processing or use
of explosives
SW 432 Waste containing, consisting of or contaminated
with, peroxides

SW 5 Other wastes
SW 501 Any residues from treatment or recovery of
scheduled wastes

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SW 414 Spent aqueous alkaline solution containing cyanide
SW 415 Spent quenching oils containing cyanides
SW 416 Sludges of inks, paints, pigments, lacquer, dye or varnish
SW 417 Waste of inks, paints, pigments, lacquer, dye or varnish
SW 418 Discarded or off-specification inks, paints, pigments, lacquer, dye or varnish
products containing organic solvent
SW 419 Spent di-isocyanates and residues of isocyanate compounds excluding solid
polymeric material from foam manufacturing process
SW 420 Leachate from scheduled waste landfill
SW 421 A mixture of scheduled wastes
SW 422 A mixture of scheduled and non-scheduled wastes
SW 423 Spent processing solution, discarded photographic chemicals or discarded
photographic wastes
SW 424 Spent oxidizing agent
SW 425 Wastes from the production, formulation, trade or use of pesticides, herbicides or
biocides
SW 426 Off-specification products from the production, formulation, trade or use of
pesticides, herbicides or biocides
SW 427 Mineral sludges including calcium hydroxide sludges, phosphating sludges,
calcium sulphite sludges and carbonates sludges

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App 2: 3rd SCHEDULE, LABELLING REQUIREMENT FOR SW

EXPLOSIVE SUBSTANCES
(WASTE)
Symbol (exploding bomb): black; Background:
light orange
Label 1

INFLAMMABLE LIQUIDS
(WASTE)
Symbol (flame): black or white;
Background: red
Label 2

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App 2: 3rd SCHEDULE, LABELLING REQUIREMENT FOR SW

INFLAMMABLE SOLIDS
(WASTE)
Symbol (flame): black; Background: white
with vertical red stripes
Label 3

SOLID: SPONTANEOUSLY COMBUSTIBLE

(WASTE)
Substance liable to spontaneous combustion
Symbol (flame): black;
Background: upper half white, lower half red
Label 4

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App 2: 3rd SCHEDULE, LABELLING REQUIREMENT FOR SW
SOLID: DANGEROUS WHEN WET
(WASTE)
Substances which, if in contact with water, emit
inflammable gases
Symbol (flame): black or white; Background:
blue
Label 5

OXIDIZING SUBSTANCES
(WASTE)
Symbol (flame over circle): black; Background:
yellow
Label 6

ORGANIC PEROXIDES
(WASTE)
Symbol (flame over circle): black;
Background: yellow
Label 7
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App 2: 3rd SCHEDULE, LABELLING REQUIREMENT FOR SW
TOXIC SUBSTANCES
(WASTE)
Poisonous (toxic) substances
Symbol (skull over crossbones): black;
Background: white
Label 8

INFECTIOUS SUBSTANCES
(WASTE)
Symbol (three crescents superimposed on
a circle): black;
Background: white
Label 9

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Examples of hazardous wastes generated by business and industries:

• Waste Generators Waste types

• Chemical manufacturers Strong acids and bases

Spent solvents
Reactive wastes

• Vehicle maintenance shops Heavy metal paint, wastes

Ignitable wastes
Used lead acid batteries
Spent solvents

• Printing industry Heavy metal solutions

Waste inks
Spent solvents
Spent electroplating wastes
Ink sludges containing heavy metals

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 Cont’d

• Leather products manufacturing Waste toluene and benzene

• Paper industry Paint wastes containing heavy

metals
• Construction industry
• Cleaning agents and cosmetics manufacturing
• Metal manufacturing
Ignitable solvents
Strong acids and bases
Ignitable paint wastes
Spent solvents
Strong acids and bases
Heavy metal dusts
Ignitable wastes
Flammable solvents
Strong acids and bases
Paint wastes containing heavy metals
Strong acids and bases/Cyanides
Sludge containing heavy metals

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 Necessary regulations on: - a control system to secure
- a tracking system (a manifest, declaration) proper wastes disposal
- a permitting system to assure the - TSD – treatment, storage
appropriateness and disposal facilities
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http://recyctec.se/en/EU-waste-directive
 Technologies dealing with hazardous wastes
Emphasis is on the development and use of alternative and innovative
treatment technologies to permanently destroy hazardous wastes
and/or reduce their toxicity/volume

 Separation/filtration Carbon adsorption

 Air/steam stripping Electrolytic Ion exchange
 Membranes Chemical precipitation
 Reduction – oxidation (redox) Ozonation
 Evaporation Solidification
 Liquid injection incineration Rotary kiln
◦ Fluidized bed incineration Pyrolysis

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29
 1. Physical treatment:
Sedimentation is to separate solids from liquids by gravity
settling and flotation. Some solids will float naturally to the
surface and are removed with a skimming device. Also a stream
of bubbles is introduced to collect particles and skim them from
the surface. Example is a vacuum filter:

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1A: Schematic of a dissolved air flotation (DAF) unit. DAF is a
physical separation process for removing suspended liquids or solids
that do not sink or float at sufficiently high rates. It is based upon
specific-gravity differences between the aqueous liquid and the
suspended material. It is applicable for the removal of oil and grease,
suspended solids, and fibrous materials from water and for sludge
thickening.

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1B: Adsorption. It is a physical adhesion of chemicals onto the
surface of a solid. The effectiveness of adsorption relates to
the surface area of the adsorbent. Granulated activated
carbon (GAC) has a very large surface area (up to and higher
1000 m2/g) and frequently used to remove contaminants
from wastestream.

1C: Aeration is suitable for volatile contaminants. Such stripping

system uses air or steam sometimes which is pumped from
the bottom as shown in Figure 6.26. the contaminated
influent enters on top of the column and passes through a
medium, the volatile phase due to action of air is volatized
upward leaving the column and entering the filtration
medium, eg. GAC before the air is emitted from the system.

32
1D: An air stripping tower followed a gas-phase GAC filter
provides effective removal of VOCs.
VOCs can be
burnt or
recovered in
a condenser

33
Typical configuration of a
countercurrent packed tower
used for air stripping.
Contaminated water trickles
down through packing that
generally consists of plastic
spheres, rings, or saddles
while clean air is blown
upward through the packing to
exit at the top of the tower.
The packing facilitates contact
between water and air,
allowing the volatile
contaminants to be transferred
to the gas phase for removal
with the air. This process is
the compliment to scrubbing,
which is commonly used for
transferring sulfur dioxide and
hydrogen chloride from gas
streams into water. 34
2. Chemical treatment:

2A: Neutralization
Alkaline wastewaters may be
neutralized by adding acid
directly or by bubbling in gas
CO2 to form carbonic acid
(H2CO3). Also simultaneous
neutralization of caustic waste
can be accomplished in the same
vessel

35
2B: Chemical precipitation: often precipitation involves the use
of lime, Ca(OH)2, NaOH to form hydroxides, this process is
pH dependent

2C: Reduction – Oxidation reactions (redox) are used for

example to reduce Cr (VI) which is very toxic! to Cr (III),
which is then could be easily precipitated from the
wastestream:
SO2 + H2O  H2SO3
2CrO3 + 3H2SO3  Cr2(SO4)3 + 3H2O

• Also oxidation of cyanide waste is important in the metal

finishing industry. The alkaline chlorination reactions occur
at pH above 10, the cyanides are converted to less toxic
cyanate and to CO2 gas:
NaCN + Cl2 + 2NaOH  NaCNO + 2NaCl + H2O
2NaCNO + 3Cl2 + 4NaOH  2CO2 + N2 + 6NaCl + 2H2O

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3. UV radiation/oxidation.
Such substances as H2O2, O2, O3, KMnO4 are strong oxidants. Also
very strong oxidizing agent is *OH radical (hydroxyl radical).
Generation of *OH radicals is enhanced by exposing for
instance H2O2 or O3 to UV radiation, this is can be effectively
used to destroy complex synthetic organics
*OH + HR  H2O + R*  …  CO2
R* represents a carbon-based radical

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4. Ozonation: Hazardous waste such as organics, cyanides, sulfides,
nitrite, iron or manganese can be subjected to ozonation process.
Ozone is generated by passing a high-voltage electrical discharge (5-30
kV) through dry air or oxygen gas. Ozonation processes are generally
carried out in closed vessels, where the ozone gas is injected into the
water under pressure to promote dissolution and to decrease losses to
the atmosphere.

38
39
 5. Biological treatment: Most of the wastewaters undergo
biological treatment that uses microorganisms to metabolize organic
waste to form CO2 and H2O. In case with hazardous waste, it is
necessary to control bacterial distribution in the wastes and also
monitor concentration of toxic substances in order to sustain
bacterial activities. Normally, biotreatment is only a one step in the
hazardous wastes treatment. The overall schemer is shown below

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Biological treatment process configurations appropriate for a
range of hazardous wastes forms and concentrations (LaGrega
et al., 1994)

Organic carbon Liquid waste Sludge/solid waste

concentration,
mg/L
1,000 000 Non-biological Non-biological
treatment treatment
100, 000 Anaerobic treatment Solid phase,
immobilised cell
(composting, land
treatment)
10,000 Slurry phase,
10,000 Aerobic, suspended aerobic/anaerobic
cell suspended cell
1000 Slurry phase,
100 Aerobic immobilized aerobic, suspended
10 cell cell
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6. Solidification and stabilization were originally
developed as process to treat industrial, hazardous and
certain radioactive wastes. The objective is not to transform
or destroy wastes but rather to contain and minimize the
release of wastes into the environment; as well as detoxifying
waste and limiting its mobility while improving its material
properties such as increasing its structural strength and
decreasing its compressibility and permeability.

• Wastes: radioactive, heavy metals, ash residues, highly toxic

sludges, oily sludges, contaminated oils, complex mixtures.
• Stabilization is most effective when applied to inorganic
contaminants.
• Strictly, stabilization is a fixation process that converts the
contaminants to an insoluble form by means of binding
additives.

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 Cont’d

6A: Solidification is a process in which the waste is

encapsulated or otherwise encased in a solid of high
structural strength. Both are often used in combination.

6B: Glassification is an expensive process mainly applied to

radioactive waste. In the process wastes are mixed with sand,
borax, nitric acid and the mixture is subjected to high
temperature (>1600C)

6C: Organic polymer fixation produces a spongy, immobilized

residual by blending the waste with reagents at ambient
temperature and allowing the polymer to form within the
waste. No specific reaction takes place between the waste and
polymer. It is applicable to fixation of radioactive wastes,
metal-bearing wastes, hazardous sludges, and nonvolatile
organic wastes.

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 7. HAZARDOUS WASTE INCINERATION
• The rotary kiln incinerator is more versatile capable of
handling gases, liquids, sludge and solids of all sorts.

• The main unit consists of a slightly inclined, rotating

cylinder 2-5 m in diameter and 3-10 m long.

• Wastes and fuel are introduced into the high end of

the kiln, and combustion takes place while the
cylinder slowly rotates; rotation increases turbulence
and thus increase combustion efficiency.

• Partially combusted waste gases are passed to a

secondary combustion chamber for further oxidation.
Such designs are available as mobile units and fixed
installations.
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 Cont’d: INCINERATION
• Emissions from hazardous waste incinerators include
unburned organic compounds, various products of incomplete
combustion (PICs) formed in the incinerator, odors, carbon
monoxide, nitrogen and sulfur oxides, hydrogen chloride, and
particulates.

Most of hazardous
wastes are subjected to
incineration in order to
ensure the complete
destruction of the
substances. It is also
advocated widely to the
generators of the
hazardous waste as the
ultimate treatment
approach.

45
7A: Liquid injection incinerators are the most common even
though they are usable only for gases, liquids, and slurries
thin enough to be pumped through an atomizing nozzle.
The nozzle emits tiny droplets of waste that are mixed with air
and an auxiliary fuel (e.g. natural gas).
The resulting mixture is burned at very high temperature.
Such design is suitable for certain wastes as the atomizing nozzle
should be designed to accommodate waste’ specific
requirement.

7B: Pyrolysis of hazardous wastes

7C: Fluidized-bed incinerators

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7A: Liquid injection incinerators
are simple units composed of
atomization devices in refractory-
lined combustion chambers. The
purpose of the atomizers is to
disperse the liquid waste into fine
droplets that have a large surface
area to facilitate heat and mass
transfer. Advantages are very
short residence times, fast
temperature response to changes
in waste-fuel composition and flow
rate, minimal ash removal, no
moving parts, low maintenance
costs, and a practice-proven
technology. Disadvantage is its
applicability only to atomizable
wastes.

47
7C: Fluidized-bed incinerators
are refractory-lined chambers
containing an inert solid granular
material such as sand, which is
fluidized and expanded in the
reactor by means of air blown into
the chamber bottom. The inert
media facilitates turbulent mixing
within the reactor and provides a
large surface area for radioactive and
conductive heat transfer. This
technology is applicable for treating
gaseous, liquid, and sludge wastes
that include grain diameter up to
~1.3 mm. typical operating
temperatures are 750-800C. gas
velocity is 1.5-2.4 m/s. bed diameter
is 2.5-7.5 m, bed depth is 0.4- 1.0 m,
waste residence time is 5-8 s for
liquids and 1-10 h for solids.
48
 8. Hazardous Waste Landfill
It is also possible to dispose the hazardous waste at the landfill
provided that the site is secured from the risk of contaminating
adjusted soil/water resources.
In general the disposal of hazardous wastes is possible in the:
• Landfill * Surface impoundments
• Waste piles * Injection wells
• Land treatment facilities * Salt domes or salt bed formations
• Underground mines or caves * Concrete vaults or bunkers

Control and monitoring of the sites used for the disposal of

hazardous wastes is essential to avoid any possible
contamination problems.
Certain hazardous wastes are banned from the disposal to landfills.
In general there are legislative regulations that define
hazardous waste disposal.

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8A. Figure 6.32 shows schematic structure of a hazardous waste
landfill.
8B: Surface
impoundments are
excavated to store liquid
hazardous wastes.
Impoundments are quite popular
because they are cheap and
wastes remain accessible
allowing some treatment to take
place during storage (e.g.
neutralization, precipitation,
settling, biodegradation).
Problems with impoundments
are leakages, close location to
drinking water sources.
Nowadays, the regulation require
introduction of 2-3 layers of
lining materials before the
impoundment can be used.
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8C: Underground
injections: the most popular
way, about 89% of the land
disposed hazardous waste and
million gallons of fluid are
disposed in underground
injection wells. The injection
depth should be more than 700
m to avoid underground water
contamination.
Underground wells also
encounter leakage problems
and this option is not entirely
safe and stringent regulations
actually discourage this type of
disposal.
51
52
 Which of the following substances are hazardous and why?

Benzene 
Asbestos 
Hydrogen peroxide 
Dichloro Diphenyl
Trichloroethane (DDT) 
Spent engine oil  Activated sludge 
Acrylic paints  53
 Formaldehyde 
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 
Strong acid or base 
Strychnine  Biomass ash 

Textile wastewater 
Dioxin 54