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By
ANEESH.P.V
Diploma Trainee,
IIIrd Batch-Electrical(2007-08),
SR-II, Emp No.60084
Importance of Line Protection
• The transmission lines are the most widely spread part of the power
system and the overhead lines are the largest environmentally-
influenced part of the system.
• The number of line faults will thus be very high compared with the
total number of faults in the whole power system
• Power lines are the part of the system that is most likely to cause
injuries to people and also to cause damages to equipment and
structures not part of the power system.
Page 3
Importance of Line Protection
Page 4
Definition of protective relay
Page 5
The aim of commissioning tests
Page 6
PRE-COMMISSIONING TESTS
Page 7
PRE-COMMISSIONING TESTS
Page 8
WIRING DIAGRAM CHECK
Page 9
INSULATION TESTS
Page 10
CURRENT TRANSFORMER TESTS
1.POLARITY CHECK
Each current transformer should be individually
tested to verify that the primary and secondary polarity
markings are correct. The ammeter connected to the
secondary of the current transformer should be a moving
coil, permanent magnet, centre-zero type. A low voltage
battery is used, via a single-pole pushbutton switch, to
energise the primary winding. On closing the push-
button, the d.c. ammeter, should give a positive flick and
on opening, a negative flick.
Page 11
CURRENT TRANSFORMER TESTS
Page 12
CURRENT TRANSFORMER TESTS
2. MAGNETISATION CURVE
This can be done by energising the
secondary winding from the local mains supply through
a variable auto-transformer while the primary circuit
remains open. The characteristic is measured at suitable
intervals of applied voltage, until the magnetising current
is seen to rise very rapidly for a small increase in
voltage. This indicates the approximate knee-point or
saturation flux level of the current transformer.
Page 13
CURRENT TRANSFORMER TESTS
Page 14
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER TESTS
1. POLARITY CHECK
The voltage transformer polarity can be checked by
using the same method for CT polarity tests. Care must be
taken to connect the battery supply to the primary winding,
with the polarity ammeter connected to the secondary
winding.
2. PHASING CHECK
The secondary connections for a three-phase
voltage transformer or a bank of three single-phase voltage
transformers must be checked for phasing. With the main
circuit alive, the phase rotation is checked using a phase
rotation meter connected across the three phases.
Page 15
SECONDARY INJECTION TESTING
Page 16
SECONDARY INJECTION EQUIPMENTS
RTXH 18 RTXP 18
Page 18
SECONDARY INJECTION TEST KITS
Page 21
TESTING OF PROTECTION SCHEME LOGIC
Page 22
TESTING OF PROTECTION SCHEME LOGIC
Page 24
ZONE REACH TEST
Page 27
ZONE REACH TEST
RELAY OPERATION
The basic principle of distance protection involves
the division of the voltage at the relaying point by the
measured current. The apparent impedance so
calculated is compared with the reach point impedance.
If the measured impedance is less than the reach point
impedance, it is assumed that a fault exists on the line
between the relay and the reach point. Thus the relay
will give trip command to the particular breakers.
Page 28
2. SWITCH ON TO FAULT (SOTF)
Page 29
3. CARRIER SEND & RECIVE FEATURE
Page 30
CARRIER SEND & RECIVE FEATURE
Page 31
CARRIER SEND & RECIVE FEATURE
Page 32
CARRIER SEND & RECIVE FEATURE
Page 33
CARRIER SEND & RECIVE FEATURE
Page 34
CARRIER SEND & RECIVE FEATURE
Page 35
CARRIER SEND & RECIVE FEATURE
Page 36
CARRIER SEND & RECIVE FEATURE
Page 37
CARRIER SEND & RECIVE FEATURE
Page 38
4. AUTORECLOSE FEATURE
Page 39
AUTORECLOSE FEATURE
The dead time is the interval between interruption in all poles on the
opening stroke and re-establishment of the circuit on the reclosing stroke.
Actually this is the time for deionization of the arc between breaker
contacts.
The reclaim time is the time measured from the instant the auto-
reclose relay closing contacts make after a successful auto reclosing
operation, to the relay will initiate for a new reclosing sequence in the
event of a further fault incident. The auto recloser will go for lock-out i.e.
three phase tripping, if any further fault occurred between the reclaim
time.
Page 40
AUTORECLOSE FEATURE
Page 41
AUTORECLOSE FEATURE
Page 43
POWER SWING BLOCKING FEATURE
Power Swing
Power Swing detection zone
X X
Z3 Z3
Recoverable Z2
Z2 Power swing
Swing detection zones
Z1 Z1
Load
R R
Area
21
24
Page 44
POWER SWING BLOCKING FEATURE
TESTING
Power swing is detected when the impedance travels from outer
boundary of power swing impedance (Z- out) value to inner boundary of
power swing impedance (Z- in) value at a slower rate.
Keep voltage of any two phase say R & Y to 10.0 V and third phase say B-
phase to 63.0 V.
Set current in all three phases as 0.2 A. please note that initial impedance
should be slightly above the outer boundary of PSB setting. For example: If
the outer boundary impedance for PSD settings is 30 ohms, taking voltage
as 10 V, current comes out to be 0.3 A. So take initial value of current as 0.2
A.
Keeping the voltage as constant gradually vary the current in two phases (R
& Y) till PSB start signal value becomes high (1) as indicated in above menu.
Also in the disturbance report PSD- start signal will be indicated.
Page 45
6.FUSE FAILURE RELAY
Page 46
7.BROKEN CONDUCTOR FEATURE
Page 47
8. OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION
Page 48
9. STUB PROTECTION
Page 49
10. LOCAL BREAKER BACKUP (LBB)
Page 50
11. FAULT LOCATOR FEATURE
Page 51
PRIMARY INJUCTION TESTING
Page 52
CONCLUSION
Page 53