UNIT - II

 Microwave Network Analysis

 Impedance and admittance matrix- Reciprocal Networks

and Lossless networks
 Scattering matrix- The transmission matrix, Signal Flow
graph – Decomposition of Signal Flow graphs
 What is a port
A pair of terminals is called a Port
I1

+
One Port
V1 Network
_ I1

Ex: Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor, Diode, etc. are two terminal single
port devices
 Two Port Networks
• Any complex circuit can be modeled as a two port network having
input and output ports with relations

I1 I2
+ +
Two Port
V1 V2
_ Network _

• Transistors, Transformers, etc. can be modeled as two port networks

Multi Port Networks
 Characterization of Networks
The following parameters are used to characterize two port/multi port
networks
• Z – Parameters (Impedance Parameters)
• Y – Parameters (Admittance Parameters)
• h – Parameters (Hybrid Parameters)
• ABCD – Parameters (Transmission Parameters)

• S – Parameters (Scattering Parameters)

 Z - Parameters
• I1, and I2 ( independent variables) relates V1, V2 (dependent variables) through
impedance elements I1 I2

V1 = f1 (i1, i2) + +
Two Port
V1 V2
V2 = f2 (i1,i2) _ Network _

V1   z11 z12   I1  V1 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I2

V    z z   I 
 2   21 22   2  V2 = Z21 I1 + Z22 I2

V1 V2
I1 = Z11 Input Impedance I1 = Z21 transfer
I2=0 I2=0 impedance

V2 V1
= Z22 Output Impedance I2 = Z12 transfer
I2
i1=0 I1=0 impedance
 Y - Parameters
• V1, and V2 ( independent variables) relates I1, I2 (dependent variables) through
admittance elements I1 I2
+ +
I1 = f1 (V1, V2) Two Port
V1 V2
I2 = f2 (V1, V2) _ Network _

I1 = Y11 V1 + Y12 V2
I2 = Y21 V1 + Y22 V2

I1 I2 Transfer
= Y11 Input Admittance V1 = Y21
V1 V2=0 admittanc
V2=0 e

I2 I1 Transfer
= Y22 Output admittance V2 = Y12
V2 admittanc
V1=0 V1=0
e
 Low frequency parameters
V1 = z11I1 + z12I2 I1 = y11V1 + y12V2
Z parameters Y parameters
V2 = z21I1 + z22I2 I2 = y21V1 + y22V2

V1 = h11I1 + h12V2 ABCD

V1 = AV2 - BI2
H parameters
I2 = h21I1 + h22V2 parameters I1 = CV2 - DI2
 Connection of two ports

[ z ] [za ] + [zb ]
za
Series Connection
zb

[ y] [ya ] + [yb ]

ya
Parallel Connection
yb

Cascaded Connection Ta Tb [T ]  [Ta ][ Tb ]

 S- MATRIX
 Scattering matrix
 From Physics  initial and final state of phy. Sym.

 Elements of a S-matrix  S- Parameters

 Electrical, Electronics Engg., Communication & MWE

 Y, Z, h, T, ABCD

 Non availability of V & I measuring equip.

 Not use “open” and “short” ckt. condns.

 Matched loads are used  Easy for HF

 Quantities are measured in terms of power

 Gain, return loss, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR),

reflection coefficient and amplifier stability
 Scattering Matrix
• The scattering matrix is a square matrix, which gives all the
combinations of power relationships between various input and
output ports.

• The elements of scattering matrix are called scattering parameters

or scattering coefficients

 V1   S11 S12  V1 

 +

    + 
 V2   S 21 S 22   V2 
 S-parameters of a two port network
• To define S-parameters accurately we will consider a voltage phasor
Vi+ i.e. incident wave and a voltage phasor Vi- i.e. reflected wave
from the terminals of a two port network (i = 1, 2)
V1 V2+
+

Two Port
Network

V1- V2-

V1 S11V1+ +S12V2+

V2 S 21V1+ +S 22V2+
 S-parameters of a two port network
V1 S11 = Input reflection coefficient
S11  + V2+ 
V1

V2
S21  + V2+  S21 = Forward transmission coefficient
V1

V1
S12  + V1+  S12 = Reverse transmission coefficient
V2

V2
S22  + V1+  S22 = Output reflection coefficient
V2
ONE PORT AND MULTI-PORT PROBLEMS
 “Port” is a key word to define two-terminal-pair. In Microwave circuits,
instead of positive-negative line (pair), the ports have “Incident – Reflected
components” or “voltage – current”

 In case of “multi-port” problems, the use of matrices is very important.

Matrix form shall reduce plenty of complexity
 So called “Port Parameters” or “Parameter matrix”
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 IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE MATRICES

Means: Z matrix of this network is known

Z-parameters are also known as open-circuit impedance parameters as they

are calculated under open circuit conditions. i.e., Ix=0, where x=1,2 refer to
input and output currents flowing through the ports

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 Impedance matrix for the N port network can be

In short:

where,

Similarly, for Admittance matrix

Then,

Note: j is “from port”, i is “to port”.

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 EXAMPLE 1.1
 Find the Z parameters of the following two-port network

Solution:
[Z ]  
Z11 Z12 
 Z 21 Z 22 

Here, by definition:
I1 I2

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From port 2,
V2
Z 22   Z B + ZC I1 I2
I2 I1 0

Transfer impedance
V1
Z12 
I2 I1  0

By voltage division,
 ZC 
V1  V2   
 Z B + ZC 

Then,
V1 V2  ZC 
Z12       Z C
I2 I1  0
I2 I1  0  Z B + ZC 

We knew, Z21=Z12, since of “Reciprocal”

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 NETWORK PROPERTIES
1. Reciprocal property
The impedance/admittance matrix is symmetry

Z ij  Z ji Yij  Y ji
2. Lossless property

In word, real part of impedance is responsible for loss, so for lossless:

ReZ ij   0

3. Matching property
Z ii  Z 0 Yii  Y0  1
Z0
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 PROBLEM - 1
For the following network, find the [Z] matrix and analyze its network properties

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 PROBLEMS
 Pozar 4.6: Does a non-reciprocal lossless network always have a purely
imaginary impedance matrix? Justify your answer

 Pozar 4.7: Calculate the Z and Y matrix for following network

ZB

Port-1 Z0
ZA ZA Port-2

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 SCATTERING MATRIX
 Like [Z] or [Y] parameters, [S]
parameters are giving extensively
better description of Microwave
networks
 The [S] parameters are calculated by
“incident +” and “reflected –”
components

; here the [s] is called S Matrix

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 To define each parameter, let’s take the voltage components:
At each terminal:

 Considering the zn=0 (reference plane)

 Now, scattering parameter can be defined as,

 Note: j is “from port”, i is “to port”.

 That’s : for the excitation/incident at jth port (incoming/input), the
reflected component is measured at ith port (outgoing/output).

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 CONSIDERING TWO PORT
NETWORK

 The first parameter:

 V2+=0 indicates:
 At t2, there is no source, so no incidence
 Due to multiple reflection, again, there is a chance of V2+=0, so the port should be
matched. However, it doesn’t mean that V2- =0
 Here, S11=Γ11, input reflection coefficient
 Similarly,

 Here, S21 = T21, Transmission coefficient

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 PROBLEM 1.4
 Determine the [S] for following network whose system
impedance is 50Ω.

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 PROBLEM 1.5
 With known S matrix, a two port network has terminated by a “short” with
infinitesimal tx line. The find the “Input reflection coefficient”
 Solution:

 Due to “short’, the reflection at port 2: V2+= - V2-

(A)
(B)

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Characteristics of transmission line
𝒁𝑳
𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍0
Γ= =0
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍0

0 − 𝑍0
Γ= = −1
0 + 𝑍0

∞ − 𝑍0
Γ= =1
∞ + 𝑍0
 Our aim is to find “Input reflection coefficient”
V1
in  +
V1
(B) =>

 (A) =>

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38
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The S matrix of a two port network was given to be

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The S matrix of a two port network was given to be

Is the network reciprocal? Is the network lossless?

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53
INTRODUCTION
 DEFINITION

 ABCD parameter can be expressed as:

V1=A.V2+B.I2
I1=C.V2+D.I2

 And in the matrix form:

V1   A B  V2 
 I   C D. I 
 1    2

Port-2 is open
Port-2 is short
 CASCADING

V1   A1 B1   A2 B2  V3 
 I   C D .C D2   I 3 
 1  1 1  2

However, the matrix multiplication is not commutative.

i. e.
[A][. B]  [B][. A]
 EXAMPLE
 Calculate the ABCD parameters of a T- network

Definition:

V1   A B  V2 
 I   C D. I 
 1    2

Port-2 is open
Port-2 is short
 NETWORK PROPERTIES
 Reciprocal:

 Lossless:

 Or, the diagonal elements should be real and other elements should be
imaginary.
Parameter conversion table (Pozar)
 PROPERTIES OF NETWORKS
Matched Network
 Sii =0 ; i=1,2..N
 That the “input reflection coefficients” at all port are zero

Reciprocal networks
 If the calculated [S] matrix for a network has;
 In other words, the matrix should be symmetric about the diagonal.
This property is quite similar to that of [Z] or [Y] matrix

Matched and
Reciprocal

63
 PROPERTIES OF NETWORKS
 Lossless networks – Real part of average power in a
network should be zero.

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 PROBLEM 1.7
[S] matrix of a network is given, check it property

• Matched or Not?
• Reciprocal?
• Lossless?

ECE402 - Microwave 65
 PROBLEM 1.8
• Derive the [S] matrix for a lossless transmission line of length l with
characteristics impedance of Z0. Check the network properties for this line.

• Solution

• Considering that the line has port impedance of Z0 itself

• Then
Matched

Reciprocal

• Lossless:

(0.0) + e-jβl.ejβl=1
ECE402 - Microwave 66
 PROBLEM 1.9
Show that it’s impossible to construct a three port network with
Matched, Reciprocal and Lossless.
 To begin:

ECE402 - Microwave 67
Engineering
68
 EXERCISE PROBLEMS

A four port network has the scattering matrix shown below.

(i) Is this network lossless & reciprocal?
(ii) Draw the signal flow graph
 0 0.9100 0.41900 0 
 
 0.910 0.41900 
0
0 0
0.41900 0 0 0.9100 
 
 0 0.41900 0.9100 0 

(iii) Calculate the input reflection coefficient at port 1 if port 3 connected to a load with
a reflection coefficient of 0.21 and all other ports are matched.

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SIGNAL FLOW GRAPH
 INTRO

 Easy analysis and understanding

 Text
 Image
 Video

 Representation
 Mathematical
 Tabulation
 Graphical

 Algorithms
 Flowchart
 CS, PS, MW
 PROBLEMS WITH PORT PARAMETER ANALYSIS
 Port parameters like [Z], [Y] and [S], the fundamental definition on the
confirmation is “current/incident components at all ports will flow inside”

 So, they all can be useful for single network analysis, but they fails or
become complex when series/parallel connection of networks are made. To
solve this issue, ABCD parameter and Signal Flow graph were introduced.
 Signal flow graph is a graphical, easy, more effective and flexible method
to solve
 SIGNAL FLOW GRAPH
 SFG  Graphical representation of signals that are flowing from one
port to another, or ratio of signals.
 Microwave Engineering  S parameters  key element in SFG

 Primary components:
 Nodes: To represent the system variables. The each port has two nodes, 1.
incident/entering ( ai ) and 2. reflected/leaving ( bi ) components
 Braches: Directed path between nodes, representing the flow of signal from
one node to other. Every branch will be associated with S parameters (reflection
or Transmission coefficients)

≡
 Signals (branches) should travel in only one direction
 If a braches “m” is traveling from Node 2 to 1. The reverse path, 1 to 2,
should be defined by another branch, may be “n”
m

1 2
n
 Two Port
N/W

NOTE CAREFULLY..

Load

Source
CASCADING OF THREE DIFF N/W
 Solving Signal-Flow Graphs

a) Mason’s non-touching loop rule:

Too difficult, easy to make errors, lose physical understanding.

b) Direct solution:
Straightforward, must solve linear system of equations, lose
physical understanding.

c) Decomposition:
Straightforward graphical technique, requires experience, retains
physical understanding.

77
 Example: Direct Solution Technique
A two-port device is connected to a load.

b1 a1 a2 bL

k
 in 

or

ad
w
a1

Lo
b1 b2

et
aL

a1 S 21 b2
a1

S11 S 22 L

b1
b1 S12 a2

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Example: Direct Solution Technique (cont.)
a1 S 21 b2
a1

b1
 in  S11 S 22 L
a1
b1
b1 S12 a2

b2  a1S21 + S22a2
a2  b2 L b1 S S 
Solve : in   S11 + 21 12 L
a1 1   L S22
b1  S11a1 + S12a2

For a given a1, there are three equations and three unknowns (b1, a2, b2).

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 SOLVING SFG AND RULES
 Using SFG, we can solve a network problem for a particular parameter
calculation, signals. It’s also useful to reduce the unwanted components by
reducing with balance in network.
 The solvation can be done by “Decomposition”, they have rules

 Decomposition Rules
 Rule-1 (Series Rule): Two braches, whose common node has one incoming and one
outgoing braches, may be combined to form a single branch. The resultant branch will
have the product of confidents of original two branched.
 Rule-2: (Parallel Rule) Two branches, are traveling from one common node to another
common node, shall be combined to a single branch. The new branch will be addition on
both the coefficients of original two branches

 Rule-3: (Self-loop Rule) A node with one self loop (the branch which starts and ends in
same node) of coefficient Sij can be eliminated by multiplying 1/(1- Sij ) with coefficients
the feeding branches
 Rule-4: (Splitting Rule) A node may be split into two (in different variable name), as
long as the resulting SFG contains each combination of separate branches (input/output)
that connected to original node

Only for outgoing branch

 DECOMPOSITION
RULES.
(A) SERIES RULE.
(B) PARALLEL RULE.
(C) SELF-LOOP RULE.
(D) SPLITTING RULE.

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 PROBLEM – 1.7
Construct a Signal Flow graph for the following network

Determine Input reflection coefficient Γin using Signal flow graph

 Solution:
 Step -1: Construction of Signal Flow Graph. Check the incoming/outgoing
signal of network carefully
 Starting the solution need some logical idea, it will come by solving many
problems.

 Step-2: Use splitting rule for the node a2

Original common Node

Remember:
While duplication
of nodes, there
should not be any
change in
operation of
 Step-3: Series Rule at node a2’ network
 Step-4: Apply Self-loop rule at b2

 Step-5: Use series rule at b2

 Step-6: Use parallel rule at a1 and b1

Γin
 PROBLEM – 1.8
 Find the input reflection coefficient Γin at port-1 and P2/P1

P2 Γ2
0 S12 0
Γin P1 [S ]  S12 0 S 23 
 0 S 23 0 
P3 Γ3