Ch.

15 - Solutions

I. How Solutions Form

 Definitions
 Types of Solutions
 Dissolving
 Rate of Dissolving
 A. Definitions

 Solution - homogeneous mixture

Solute - substance
being dissolved

Solvent - present in
greater amount
 A. Definitions

Solute - KMnO4 Solvent - H2O

 B. Types of Solutions

 Based on state of solvent.

 All solid-liquid-gas combos are
possible.
 EX: dental amalgam (alloy of silver,
mercury, etc.)
• liquid solute, solid solvent
• solid solution
 C. Dissolving

 Solvation
• occurs at the surface of the solute
• solvent particles surround solute
particles (+/- attraction)
• solute particles are pulled into solution
 C. Dissolving

NaCl dissolving in water

 D. Rate of Solution

 Solids dissolve faster...

• more stirring
• small particle size
(increased surface area)
• high temperature
 D. Rate of Solution

 Gases dissolve faster...

• no shaking or stirring
• high pressure
• low temperature
 Ch. 15 - Solutions

II. Solubility & Concentration

 A. Concentration

 Concentrated solution
• large amount of solute

 Dilute solution
• small amount of solute
 A. Concentration

 % by Volume
• usu. liquid in liquid
• EX: 10% juice = 10mL juice + 90mL water

 % by Mass
• usu. solid in liquid
• EX: 20% NaCl = 20g NaCl + 80g water
 A. Concentration

UNSATURATED SATURATED SUPERSATURATED

SOLUTION SOLUTION SOLUTION
more solute no more solute becomes unstable,
dissolves dissolves crystals form

concentration
 B. Solubility

 Solubility
• maximum grams of solute that will
dissolve in 100 g of solvent at a given
temperature
• varies with temperature
• based on a saturated solution
 B. Solubility

 Solubility Curve
• shows the
dependence of
solubility on
temperature
 B. Solubility

 Solids are more soluble at...

• high temperatures.

 Gases are more soluble at...

• low temperatures.
• high pressures
(Henry’s Law).
Ch. 15 - Solutions

III. Particles in Solution

 “Like Dissolves Like”
 Electrolytes
 Colligative Properties
 A. “Like Dissolves Like”

NONPOLAR

POLAR
NONPOLAR POLAR

 Detergents
• polar “head” with long nonpolar “tail”
• can dissolve both types
 B. Electrolytes

- + - + - +

salt acetic acid sugar

Weak Non-
Electrolyte Electrolyte Electrolyte
solute exists as solute exists as solute exists as
ions only ions and molecules
molecules only
 B. Electrolytes

 Dissociation
• separation of +/-
ions when an ionic
compound
dissolves in water
 B. Electrolytes

 Ionization
• breaking apart of
polar covalent
molecules into
ions when
dissolving in water
C. Colligative Properties

 properties of solutions that depend only

on solute concentration

 Freezing Point Depression

• solutes lower the f.p. of a solvent

 Boiling Point Elevation

• solutes raise the b.p. of a solvent
 C. Colligative Properties

Freezing Point Depression

View Flash animation.

C. Colligative Properties

Boiling Point Elevation

Solute particles “get in the way.”

C. Colligative Properties

 Effect increases as the solute

concentration increases.

 Uses:
• antifreeze
• making ice cream
• salting icy roads