Ch.

10 - Atomic Structure

I. Structure of the Atom

(p.270-271, 276-277)
 Chemical Symbols
 Subatomic Particles
 p.270
QUIZ ON
Thursda
y 9/13
A. Chemical Symbols

 Capitals matter!
 Element symbols contain ONE capital letter
followed by lowercase letter(s) if necessary.

Metal that
forms bright
blue solid
Co vs. CO Poisonous
gas.
compounds.
 B. Subatomic Particles

in a neutral atom

Most of the atom’s mass. Atomic Number

equals the # of...
 B. Subatomic Particles

 Quarks

• 6 types

• 3 quarks = 1
proton or 1
neutron
Ch. 10 - Atomic Structure

II. Electron Cloud Model

 Orbital
 Energy Levels
 Bohr Model Diagrams
 A. Orbital

 Region where there is 90% probability of

finding an electron.
 Can’t pinpoint the
location of an
electron.
 Density of dots
represents degree
of probability.
 A. Orbital

 Orbitals have different shapes.

 B. Energy Levels

 Electrons can only exist at

certain energy levels.
 Low energy levels are
close to the nucleus.
 Each energy level (n) can
hold 2n2 electrons.
 C. Bohr Model Diagrams

 Simplified energy levels using Bohr’s

idea of circular orbits.
Can replace with:
Lithium
e- 3p
Atomic #: 3 4n
e-
Mass: 7
n np n
pn p Maximum e-
# of p: 3 Level 1 2e-
# of e: 3 e- Level 2 8e-
# of n: 4 Level 3 18e-
Level 4 32e-
 C. Bohr Model Activity
 Choose a number between 1 & 18.
 Find your element by the atomic number you picked.
 Draw a Bohr Model diagram for your element on your marker board.
• Round off the mass listed on the table and subtract the atomic # to find the # of neutrons.
• Abbreviate the # of ‘p’ and ‘n’ in the nucleus.
 Have a partner check your drawing.
 Repeat with a new element.
Ch. 10 - Atomic Structure

III. Masses of Atoms

 Atomic Mass
 Mass Number
 Isotopes
 A. Atomic Mass

 atomic mass unit (u)

 1 u = 1/12 the mass of a 12C atom

 1 proton = 1 u
1 neutron = 1 u
 1 u = 1.67  10-24 g

© Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.

 B. Mass Number

 Sum of the protons

and neutrons in the
nucleus of an atom.

 Always a whole
number.
© Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.

 # of neutrons = mass # - atomic #

 C. Isotopes

 Atoms of the same element with

different numbers of neutrons.
 Isotope symbol:

12
Mass #
Atomic # 6 C
“Carbon-12”
 C. Isotopes

© Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.

 C. Isotopes

 Average Atomic Mass

• reported on Periodic Table
• weighted average of all isotopes

Avg. (mass # )(# of atoms)  (mass # )(# of atoms)

Atomic 
total # of atoms
Mass
 C. Isotopes

 EX: About 8 out of 10 chlorine atoms are

chlorine-35. Two out of 10 are chlorine-37.

Avg. (35 u)(8 atoms)  (37 u)(2 atoms)

Atomic   35.4 u
10 atoms
Mass
Atomic Structure Timeline
• Use the following information to complete the
lecture handout.
• On tomorrow’s quiz, you will be expected to…
• draw the atomic models
• match scientists to their
experiments and discoveries
• place the models in chronological
order
Democritus (400 B.C.)

• Proposed that matter was

composed of tiny indivisible
particles

• Not based on experimental

data

• Greek: atomos
Alchemy (next 2000 years)
• Mixture of science and mysticism.
• Lab procedures were developed, but alchemists did not
perform controlled experiments like true scientists.
John Dalton (1807)
 British Schoolteacher
• based his theory on
others’ experimental data
 Billiard Ball Model
• atom is a
uniform,
solid sphere
John Dalton
Dalton’s Four Postulates
1. Elements are composed of small indivisible
particles called atoms.
2. Atoms of the same element are identical.
Atoms of different elements are different.
3. Atoms of different elements combine together
in simple proportions to create a compound.
4. In a chemical reaction, atoms are rearranged,
but not changed.
Henri Becquerel (1896)
 Discovered radioactivity
• spontaneous emission of
radiation from the nucleus
 Three types:
• alpha () - positive
• beta () - negative
• gamma () - neutral
J. J. Thomson (1903)
 Cathode Ray Tube
Experiments
• beam of negative particles
 Discovered Electrons
• negative particles within
the atom
 Plum-pudding Model
J. J. Thomson (1903)

Plum-pudding Model
• positive sphere
(pudding) with
negative electrons
(plums) dispersed
throughout
Ernest Rutherford (1911)

 Gold Foil Experiment

 Discovered the nucleus

• dense, positive
charge in the center
of the atom
 Nuclear Model
Ernest Rutherford (1911)

 Nuclear Model
• dense, positive nucleus surrounded by
negative electrons
Niels Bohr (1913)
 Bright-Line Spectrum
• tried to explain presence
of specific colors in
hydrogen’s spectrum
 Energy Levels
• electrons can only exist in
specific energy states
 Planetary Model
Niels Bohr (1913)

Bright-line spectrum

 Planetary Model

• electrons move in
circular orbits within
specific energy levels
Erwin Schrödinger (1926)
 Quantum mechanics
• electrons can only exist in
specified energy states
 Electron cloud model
• orbital: region around the
nucleus where e- are
likely to be found
Erwin Schrödinger (1926)

Electron Cloud Model (orbital)

 dots represent probability of finding an e -
not actual electrons
James Chadwick (1932)

 Discovered neutrons
• neutral particles in the
nucleus of an atom
 Joliot-Curie Experiments
• based his theory on their
experimental evidence
James Chadwick (1932)

Neutron Model
 revision of Rutherford’s Nuclear Model
Ch. 10 - The Periodic Table

I. History of the Periodic Table

Mendeleev
Mosely
 A. Dmitri Mendeleev

 Dmitri Mendeleev (1869, Russian)

• Organized elements by
increasing atomic mass.
• Predicted the existence of
undiscovered elements.
 B. Henry Mosely

 Henry Mosely (1913, British)

• Organized elements by
increasing atomic number.
• Fixed problems in Mendeleev’s
arrangement.
Ch. 10 - The Periodic Table

II. Organization (p.286-291)

Metallic Character
Rows & Columns
Table Sections
 A. Metallic Character
 Metals
1  Nonmetals
2  Metalloids
3
4
5
6
7
 B. Table Sections
 Representative Elements
 Transition Metals
1  Inner Transition Metals
2
3
4
5
6
7
 B. Table Sections

1 Overall Configuration
2
3
4
5
6
7

Lanthanides - part of period 6

Actinides - part of period 7
 C. Columns & Rows

 Group (Family)
1
2
 Period
3
4
5
6
7
Ch. 10 - The Periodic Table

III. Periodic Trends (p.288-291)

Terms
Periodic Trends
Dot Diagrams
 A. Terms
 Periodic Law

• Properties of elements repeat

periodically when the elements
are arranged by increasing
atomic number.
 A. Terms
 Valence Electrons
• e- in the outermost energy level
 Atomic Radius

 First Ionization Energy

• energy required to remove an e-
from a neutral atom
 B. Periodic Trends
 Atomic Radius
• Increases to the LEFT and DOWN.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
 B. Periodic Trends
 First Ionization Energy
• Increases to the RIGHT and UP.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
 B. Periodic Trends
 Which atom has the larger radius?

• Be or Ba Ba

• Ca or Br Ca
 B. Periodic Trends
 Which atom has the higher 1st I.E.?

• N or Bi N

• Ba or Ne Ne
 B. Periodic Trends
 Group # = # of valence e- (except He)
• Families have similar reactivity.
 Period # = # of energy levels

1A 8A
2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
 C. Dot Diagrams
 Dots represent the valence e-.
 EX: Sodium  EX: Chlorine