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IP Address
 An IP address is a number that uniquely identifies
every host on an IP network.
 Inside a computer, an IP address is stored as a 32-bit
sequence of 1s and 0s.
 To make the IP address easier to use, it is usually
written as four decimal numbers separated by periods
known as dotted-decimal format.
 Each part of the address is called an octet because it is
made up of 8 binary digits.

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IP Address
Example:
11000000.10101000.00000001.00001000
192 .168 .1 .8

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 192

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IP Addressing Format

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IPv4 Addressing
 One part identifies the network to which the system is
connected, and a second part identifies that particular
system on the network.
 This kind of address is called a hierarchical address,
because it contains different levels.
 An IP address combines these two identifiers into one
number.
 The first part identifies the system’s network address.
 The second part, the host part, tells which particular
machine it is on that network.

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Hierarchical IP Addresses

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Identifying Address Classes

* 127 (01111111) is a Class A address reserved for loopback

testing and cannot be assigned to a network.

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IP Address Classes
 To accommodate different-sized networks and to aid
in classifying them, IP addresses are divided into
groupings called classes.
 This is called classful addressing.
 Each complete 32-bit IP address is broken into a
network part and a host part.
 A bit or bit sequence at the start of each address
determines the class of the address,

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Network and Host Division

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Class A Addresses
 The Class A address was designed to support
extremely large networks.
 A Class A IP address uses only the first octet to
indicate the network address.
 The remaining three octets enumerate host addresses.

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Class B Addresses
 The Class B address was designed to support the
needs of moderate- to large-sized networks.
 A Class B IP address uses two of the four octets to
indicate the network address.
 The other two octets specify host addresses.

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Class C Addresses
 The Class C address is the most commonly used of
the original address classes.
 This address space was intended to support a lot of
small networks.

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Class D Addresses
 The Class D address was created to enable
multicasting in an IP address.
 A multicast address is a unique network address that
directs packets that have that destination address to
predefined groups of IP addresses.
 Therefore, a single station can simultaneously transmit
a single stream of data to multiple recipients.

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Class E Addresses
 A Class E address has been defined. However, the
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) reserves
these addresses for its own research.
 Therefore, no Class E addresses have been released for
use in the Internet.
 The first 4 bits of a Class E address are always set to 1.
Therefore, the first octet range for Class E addresses is
11110000 to 11111111, or 240 to 255.

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IP Address Classes: Range of the
First Octet

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Reserved IP Addresses
 Network addresses are used to identify the network
itself.

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Reserved IP Addresses
 The broadcast address is used to broadcast packets
to all the devices on a network.

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Reserved IP Addresses

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Public and Private Addresses
 Public IP addresses are unique. No two machines that
connect to a public network can have the same IP address,
because public IP addresses are global and standardized.
 Public IP addresses must be obtained from an Internet
service provider (ISP) or a registry at some expense.
 RFC 1918 sets aside three blocks of IP addresses (a single
Class A address, a range of Class B addresses, and a range of
Class C addresses) for private, internal use.
 Addresses in this range are not routed on the Internet
backbone; Internet routers immediately discard private
addresses.
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Private IP Addresses

 Connecting a network to the Internet using private

addresses requires translating the private
addresses to public addresses.
 This translation process is called Network
Address Translation (NAT).
 A router usually
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is the device that performs NAT. 20
Introduction to Subnetting
 Another way to conserve IP addresses, like CIDR, IPv6,
and private addresses, is the use of subnetting.
 This method of dividing full network address classes into
smaller pieces has helped prevent complete IP address
exhaustion.
 Large or extremely large networks, subnetting is required.
 Simply stated, subnetting a network means using the
subnet mask to divide the network and break a large
network into smaller, more efficient, more manageable
segments, or subnets

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Subnetting
 Subnet addresses include the Class A, Class B, or Class
C network portion, plus a Subnet field and a Host
field.
 These fields are created from the original host portion
for the entire network.
 To create a subnet address, a network administrator
borrows bits from the Host field and designates them
as the Subnet field.

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Subnet Addresses

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IPv4 Versus IPv6
 Class A and B addresses
make up 75 percent of the
IPv4 address space, but a
relative handful of
organizations (fewer than
17,000) can be assigned a
Class A or B network
number.

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IPv4 Versus IPv6
 As early as 1992, the IETF identified two specific
concerns:
 Exhaustion of the remaining, unassigned IPv4
network addresses—At the time, the Class B space was
on the verge of depletion.
 The rapid and substantial increase in the size of
Internet routing tables because of the Internet’s
growth—As more Class C networks came online, the
resulting flood of new network information threatened
the capability of Internet routers to cope effectively.

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IPv4 Versus IPv6
 IPv6 uses 128 bits rather than the 32 bits currently
used in IPv4
 IPv6 uses hexadecimal numbers to represent the
128 bits. It provides 16 billion IP addresses (3.4 × 1038
addresses).
 This version of IP should provide sufficient addresses
for future communication needs.
 The IPv6 shorthand representation of the 128 bits
uses eight 16-bit numbers, shown as four
hexadecimal digits.
 The groups of four hex digits are separated by colons.
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IPv4 Versus IPv6

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IPv4 Versus IPv6

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Subnetting Chart: Bit Position and
Value

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Subnetting Chart: Subnet Mask
Identifier (Two Formats)

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