Welding Inspector

Application & Control of Pre heat

Section 23

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 Welding Temperatures
Definitions
Preheat temperature
is the temperature of the workpiece in the weld zone immediately
before any welding operation (including tack welding!)
normally expressed as a minimum Interpass temperature
– is the temperature in a multi-run weld and adjacent parent metal
immediately prior to the application of the next run
– normally expressed as a maximum

Minimum interpass temperature = Preheat temperature

Pre heat maintenance temperature = the minimum temperature in the
weld zone which shall be maintained if welding is interrupted and shall be
monitored during the interruption.

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 Pre-heat Application
Furnace - Heating entire component - best
Electrical elements -Controllable; Portable; Site use; Clean;
Component cannot be moved.
Gas burners - direct flame impingement; Possible local
overheating; Less controllable;Portable; Manual operation
possible; Component can be moved.
Radiant gas heaters - capable of automatic control; No flame
impingement; No contact with component; Portable.
Induction heating - controllable; Rapid heating (mins not hours);
Large power supply; Expensive equipment

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 Measuring pre heat in Welding
The purposes
of measuring

Demonstration of Welding
conformance to process
specified requirements control

Parameters to be measured:
welding current preheat/interpass
arc voltage temperature
travel speed force/pressure
shielding gas flow rate humidity
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 Pre-heat Application

Application Of Preheat
Heat either side of joint
Measure temp 2 mins after heat removal
Always best to heat complete component rather than
local if possible to avoid distortion
Preheat always higher for fillet than butt welds due to
different combined thicknesses and chill effect factors.

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 Pre-Heat Application

Electrical Heated Manual Gas Operation

Elements

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 Welding Temperatures
Point of Measurement
BS EN ISO 13916
t < 50 mm
A = 4 x t but max. 50 mm
the temperature shall be
measured on the surface
of the workpiece facing the
welder

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 Welding Temperatures
Point of Measurement
BS EN ISO 13916
t > 50mm
A = 75mm minimum
the temperature shall be
measured on the face
opposite to that being
heated
allow 2 min per every 25
mm of parent metal
thickness for temperature
equalisation
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 Combined Thickness
The Chilling Effect of the Joint

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 Combined Thickness
The Chilling Effect of the Joint

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 Combined Thickness
Combined chilling effect of joint type and
thickness.

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 The Chill Effect of the Material

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 Heating Temperature Control
TEMPILSTICKS - crayons, melt at set temps. Will not
measure max temp.
Pyrometers - contact or remote, measure actual temp.
Thermocouples - contact or attached, very accurate,
measure actual temp.

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 Temperature Test Equipment
Temperature sensitive
materials:
•crayons, paints and
pills
•cheap
•convenient, easy to
use
•doesn’t measure the
actual temperature!

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 Temperature Test Equipment
Contact thermometer
•Accurate
•Easy to use
•Gives the actual temperature
•Requires calibration
•suitable for moderate
temperatures

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 Temperature Test Equipment
Thermocouple
• based on measuring the thermoelectric potential difference
between a hot junction (on weld) and a cold junction
• accurate method
• measures over a wide range of temperatures
• gives the actual temperature
• need calibration

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 Temperature Test Equipment
Thermistors
• temperature-sensitive resistors
whose resistance varies inversely
with temperature
• used when high sensitivity is
required
• gives the actual temperature
• need calibration
• can be used up to 999°C

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 Temperature test equipment
Devices for contactless measurement

• IR radiation and optical

pyrometer
• measure the radiant energy
emitted by the hot body
• contactless method, can be
used for remote measurements
• very complex
• for measuring high
temperatures

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