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CURRICULUM DESIGN
CHAPTER 3
Introduction
In designing curriculum, we must:
Reflect how parts are related with each other
Consider a plan to shape the organization and its
parts – parts should support the whole
Think of the philosophical and learning theories
to determine if our design decisions are in
agreement with our basic beliefs regarding
people – what and how they should learn and
how they should use their gained knowledge
4 Major Components of Curriculum Design
Formative Summative
Aims Goals Objectives
Evaluation Evaluation
1. Generating Aims 2. Generating Goals
Lifespan aspirations
Like aims, goals are
They are developed for a group expectations,
general level of education and they may take
and by the society.
weeks, months or year
Provides long-term
to be ATTAINED.
directions for students
Attainable yet many
Like a road map, aims help
us guide our lives in general remain unattainable.
and point us to a positive Goals are group
direction but not fully oriented.
attained.
Generating Aims
Educational Objectives
Often subjects of programs at certain grade levels
to specific outcomes of classroom instructions.
Should be observable or quantifiable student
behavior
What the student is to learn (facts, concepts, and
techniques)
Behavioral Objectives
Showing of acquired particular skills or
knowledge.
Mager’s educational objective characteristics
Behavior will indicate a learner has achieved an objective.
The condition or situation imposed on the learner when he
or she demonstrates achievement.
The minimum proficiency level that will be acceptable.
For example: After studying the unit of energy, the student
must complete a 100-question, 1hr multiple choice test on
the subject. The student must answer 75 questions correctly.
Students write a statement or contrast an idea.
Students will write a statement in English composition
dealing with early twentieth-century literature.
Students in economics class will contrast a chart’s data
on gross national product for two years.
Nonbehavioral General Objectives
Appreciate, Know, Understand
Specifics are a no-no
Stating objectives too specifically confines learning to measurable
achievements.
Objectives that focus on higher-order learning are more
likely to be ignored.
Post modern educators think of behavioral as too narrow
and inflexible. Some believe educators have no right to
specify what students must know or how they should
behave or what skills to possess.
Learning is an inquiry and not about performance levels.
Educators should consider all domains of
learning: cognitive, affective, and psychomotor.
In each domain, objectives are listed in an order
that reflects increasing complexity.
TAXONOMY OF EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES
By: Benjamin S. Bloom
Cognitive
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Benjamin_Bloom
Cognitive
HIGHER ORDER
Creating / Evaluation
Domain
Intellect Evaluating / Synthesis
Knowledge
Analyzing / Analysis
Think
Applying / Application
LOWER ORDER
Understanding /
Comprehension
Remembering / Knowledge
Remembering – Recall of previously learned
information
Define, describe, identify, label, match
Recite the multiplication tables, match words
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Benjamin_Bloom
Affective
Internalizing
HIGHER ORDER
Domain
Feeling
Organizing
Emotions
Attitude Valuing
LOWER ORDER
Feel
Helping Responding
students
become aware Receiving
of their own
values
Receiving – Being aware or sensitive to
something and being able to listen or pay
attention
Select,
point to, choose, identify
Listen to others with respect
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Benjamin_Bloom
Psychomotor
HIGHER ORDER
Domain Adapting
Physical
Skills Practicing
Do
Relates to manual
Imitating
LOWER ORDER
tasks and physical
movements –
modern day
business and social
skills such as
communication or Observing
operating
machines.
Observing – Active mental attention to a physical
activity
Watch, detect, describe
Detect non-verbal communication cues, observe and
read directions
Imitating– Attempt to copy a physical behavior
Begin, display, react, state, show
http://thepeakperformancecenter.com/educational-
Involuntary responses
learning/learning/process/domains-of-learning/psychomotor-
domain/
and learned
capabilities.
Translation of bodily
activity to meaningful
expressions.
Copy
Follow
Re-create
Build
Complete
Show
Control
Construct
Adapt
Modify
Develop
Design
Specify
Invent
Dave’s
Recognize
Arrange
Prepare
Imitate
Make
Perform
Coordinate
Fix
Adjust
Solve
Design
Simpson’s Formulate
React
Respond
Grasp
Walk
Stand
Catch
Write
Explore
Distinguish
Endure
Repeat
Exceed
Drive
Build
Jiggle
Meaning
Through
Movement
Harrow’s And actions
CONTENT AND SUBJECT
MATTER
In a complex society, more knowledge has been
acquired and borrowed than any individual can
study and make use of in his existence. Thus, the
curriculum could not possibly contain all the
accumulated knowledge known as “knowledge
explosion”. Undeniably, only a portion of what man
has found out about his world can be integrated in a
program of instruction.
Therefore, the teaching profession is confronted with
the duty of deciding what subject matter to include
in the curriculum.
Knowledge
Knowledge Content (school
(information (knowledge content at
selected for
formally educational levels
organized) purposes) sufficient for
use)
Criteria for Selecting Content
Self-Sufficiency
Needs to be considered in ample depth. It does not mean just
learning knowledge and skills that allow one to function
independently in society. It means furnishing content that
enables learners to connect their intellectual, emotional selves
to the selves of others.
Significance
Significant only to the degree to which it contributes to the
basic ideas, concepts, principles, generalizations and so on.
Considers the development of particular learning abilities,
skills, processes, and attitude formation.
Validity
The authenticity of the content selected. In information
explosion, school content can quickly become obsolete and
even incorrect. As new knowledge is discovered, content
assumed valid may be misleading ot even false. Validity must
be verified.
Interest
Interests should be weighted and adjusted to allow for
students’ maturity, their prior experiences, the educational
and social value of their interests, and the way they are
expected to interact within society.
Utility
Concerns usefulness of the content.