Unit 2: Cells

& Microscope
 Cell Objectives:
1. Know the Organization of life.

2. Know who first saw cells.

3. Know The Cell Theory.
4. Know the differences between Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic cells.
5. Know the 12 organelles in Eukaryotic cells.
6. Know the differences between plant and animal
cells.
 Cells
All living things are composed of cells.

A cell is a membrane-covered structure that contains all of the

materials necessary for life.

An organism is anything that can live on its own.

 Organisms can be unicellular or multicellular.

Unicellular: Made up of only one cell. They usually need to be

seen using a microscope.

Multi-cellular: Made up of more than one cell. They have

groups of cells that work together.
 Discovery of Cells
Cells were discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke.
He was looking at cork from the bark of a tree using a
microscope.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek saw the first living cells in 1673.

He observed pond scum, blood and was the first

person to see bacteria.
 The Cell Theory
Scientists later discovered a lot more about cells using more
powerful microscopes.

They developed The Cell Theory.

The Cell Theory States:

o Cells are the smallest living thing
o Every living thing is made of cells
o Cells divide to form new cells

Theodor Schwann developed the theory in 1839.

 Organization of Life
For Multi-cellular organisms:

cells
Make up

tissues
Make up

organs
Make up

organ systems
Make up

organisms
 Types of Cells
Prokaryotic: Cells that do NOT have a nucleus
Do NOT have membrane bound organelles
Circular DNA
Bacteria

Eukaryotic: Cells that DO have a nucleus

Do have membrane bound organelles
Linear DNA
All other organisms
 Cell Parts (Organelles)
Eukaryotic Cells:

• cytoplasm • endoplasmic reticulum

• cell membrane • mitochondria
• cell wall • chloroplast
• nucleus • Golgi complex
• nucleolus • vacuole
• ribosomes • lysosomes
 Types of Eukaryotic Cells

Animal:

Plant:
 Types of Eukaryotic Cells

Animal:

Plant:
 Function of cell parts
1. Cytoplasm

 Jelly-like fluid inside cell

 Organelles are found floating here
 Function of cell parts
2. Cell Membrane

 Protects the cell

 Keeps cytoplasm inside
 Allows materials in and out of the cell
 Function of cell parts
3. Cell Wall

 Provides strength and support to cell membrane

 Found only in plant cells
 Gives plant cells their square shape

Cell wall

Cell membrane
 Function of cell parts
4. Nucleus

 Control center of the cell = “brain”

 Where DNA is found

5. Nucleolus

 Stores materials to make

ribosomes
 Found inside nucleus
 Function of cell parts

6. Ribosomes

 Site of protein synthesis

 Amino acids are joined together to make proteins.
 Are found in cytoplasm or attached to
endoplasmic reticulum
 Smallest but most abundant organelle
 Function of cell parts
7. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

 Internal delivery system

 Makes lipids and other materials for inside and
outside the cell.
 Breaks down drugs and other harmful
chemicals.
 May be covered with ribosomes (Rough
Endoplasmic Reticulum)
 Found near nucleus
 Function of cell parts

8. Mitochondria

 Powerhouse of the cell

 Energy for the cell is made here from
nutrients
 Surrounded by two membranes
 Function of cell parts
9. Chloroplast

 Absorbs sunlight to help plants make

nutrients for energy
 Contains chlorophyll (green pigment)
 Found only in plant cells
 Function of cell parts
10. Golgi Complex

 Materials are packaged in vesicles for shipment

outside of the cell.
 Located near the cell membrane
 Function of cell parts
11. Vacuole

 Stores water and other liquids

 Large vacuoles found in plants

Contractile Vacuole:
 Squeezes excess water out of
the cell
 Function of cell parts
12. Lysosomes

 Digest (breakdown) materials found in vesicles

with enzymes (chemicals).
 Get rid of wastes
 Protect the cell against invaders
 Found in Animal cells
 cell wall
cell membrane
chloroplast
Animal Cell
lysosome Plant Cell

cytoplasm

nucleolus
nucleus
DNA
ER

mitochondria
Golgi Complex
ribosome
vacuole
 Comparing Plant & Animal Cells

Plant
Both
Animal

nucleus vacuole
mitochondria cytoplasm
Cell wall
lysosomes ribosomes Golgi complex

nucleolus Cell membrane Chloroplast

ER DNA
 Microscope Objectives:
1. Know the parts of the microscope.
2. Know the functions of microscope parts.
3. Know how to determine orientation of an object
under the microscope.
4. Know how to determine magnification, field of view
and size of an object.
5. Know proper technique to use microscope.
 Microscope parts

Use this diagram to label your microscope picture

 Microscope Functions
Eyepiece: The part you look through. Where you place your
eye.

Arm: Attaches eyepiece to the base.

Body tube: Supports the eyepiece

Coarse adjustment knob: This moves the stage up and down to

get object into initial focus.
NEVER use under high power.
Fine adjustment knob: Used to make small adjustments to
the focus.
 Microscope Functions
Nosepiece: Rotating piece that changes objectives (low & high)

Objectives: Lens that magnify the object

Stage: The place where the specimen is placed.

Stage clips: Holds the specimen slide in place.

Diaphragm: Allows different amounts of light through the slide.

Light source: Reflects light onto the stage to observe specimen

Base: Supports the entire microscope

 Determining total
magnification
Multiply the magnification of the eyepiece by
the magnification of the objective.

Eyepiece = 10x Objective = 4x

Total magnification = 10 x 4 = 40x

Eyepiece = 10x Objective = 40x

Total magnification = 10 x 40 = 400x
 Object Orientation
cover slip
e slide

As you look through the eyepiece the image you

see is upside down and backwards from the
specimen on the slide.
If you move the slide to the left the object
moves to the right in the eyepiece.
If you move the slide to the right the object
moves to the left in the eyepiece.
 Field of View
Each mark = 1 mm or 1000 μm
Determine the field of view by
counting marks under low power.
100x
Field of view = 3mm or 3000 μm

Determining object size

Using the determined field of view:
1. Count the number of cells in a row.
100x
2. Divide the number of cells into the
field of view in μm.
1. 6 cells
2. 3000 μm / 6 cells = 500 μm (size of one cell)