SCAFFOLDING

Course Outcome
(Trainee will be able to understand)
 Legal & Training Requirement. (Golden Rule)
 Understand Scaffold Terminology.
 Understand New Standard / Guidance's (BS EN12811)
 Inspector Safety compliance.
 PPE / PERMIT / BARRICATION Requirements.
 Able to prepare a “Scaffold Checklist”
 Inspection Techniques.
 Signing a Scaff-Tag
AGENDA
AGENDA
 ‫?‪What is SCAFFOLDING‬‬

‫صلب النص ايريل ريجيلر ‪ 18‬بوينت‪ .‬شفي إن‬

‫‪Elevated Temporary Working‬‬ ‫بسرعة لقة‬‫‪Platform‬‬ ‫إنديز انن إنشاءا ‪.‬‬
‫العنام وم والتيب إلى‬
‫بطريقة مؤثر التراجية الذي أن تحكم بسرعة‪،‬‬
‫‪It is used in construction, alteration,‬‬
‫يمكنتاجية بالمحتويات لق الة بسرع أو تعمل‬
‫النصوصا خلئاحة أن ثم والعناول‪.‬‬
‫‪routine, maintenance and renovation.‬‬
‫• بإنت والبرنان إصدارس‬
‫جداول‪To support workers, materials and‬‬
‫‪tools‬‬
‫‪during‬مستخدام‬
‫• إبدام والترتي‬
‫• باعيد الذي موات للطبع بسرع‬
‫‪construction work. It is being used when‬‬ ‫يمكنتاجية‪it‬‬
‫بالمحتويات‬ ‫‪is not‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪possible to perform works with other safe means.‬‬
PERSONAL EQUIPMENT

Risk
Assessment
&
Responsibilities

ENVIRONMENT

8
 SCAFFOLDING Hazards
Employees working on scaffolds are exposed to these
hazards:

• Falls from elevation – caused

by slipping, unsafe access, and
the lack of fall protection

• Struck by falling tools / debris

• Electrocution – from overhead

power lines

• Scaffold collapse - caused by

instability or overloading

• Bad planking giving way

Unsafe Condition
6”-18”
 6 – 18 inches

6 – 18 inches
Corner planks laid first, 90°planks on top

PLATFORM
01
Not planked

PLATFORM
02
structure Not
planked
Less than 1 in. max
?
 ?
??
 3 meters

3 meters
Over load
Evenly distributed
??
?
 Top & Middle rail
Old pipe
belt PPE
allowances helmet

ledger
uniform

ladder
planks
scafftag

center support
1.Qualification
2.Sufficient experience
3.Knowledge
4.Authorization
5.Valid operator license
6.Basic risk assessment practice
65
OSHA 1926.451(e)(6) –The employer shall have a
competent person.

competent person – a person that

has trainings, knowledge,
and experiences. A person
capable of identifying the
hazards and has the authority to
rectify and give immediate
solution.
MAIN DOCUMENTS & RECORD

1.Equipment manufacturer manual

2.Declaration of conformity record
3.List of material record from same
maunfaturer
4.Third party inspection record

67
1.Ensure weather condition
2.Ensure ground condition
3.Ensure proximity hazard
4.Ensure electrical hazard
5.Ensure road and traffic hazard

68
Classification
of
SCAFFOLDING
 Types of Scaffoldings
Frame Scaffolding
The primary steel
scaffolding system.
It is primarily for
rectangular jobs.
It is relatively simple
and fast to erect,
provided the surface is
level, and the access is
not restricted.
Types of Scaffoldings
Frame Scaffolding
OSHA refers to frame
scaffolds as sectional
steel scaffold.

There are two basic

parts to a frame
scaffolds – The frame
and the cross brace.
 Types of Scaffoldings
Tube and Clamp
To accommodate jobs
too difficult for frame
scaffolding, because of
the obstruction, limited
access.
Tube and clamp requires
much greater expertise
to erect.
Oil Refineries
Types of Scaffoldings
Tube and Clamp
 Types of Scaffoldings
Modular System Scaffolds
The advantage that
modular systems have
over tube and clamp is
that they do not require
the high degree of
expertise .
Once the base is set, the
erector does not have to
worry about the location
of connections
Types of Scaffoldings
Rolling Scaffolds
When height to
minimum base
width ratio of the
scaffold exceeds
4:1, stabilizers are
required.
Casters (brakes)
Adjustable
screws with base
plates.
1. Supported Scaffolds
2. Suspended Scaffolds
3. Aerial Lifts Scaffolds
4. Mobile Scaffoldings
Supported Scaffolds

Platforms supported
by rigid, load bearing
members, such as
poles, legs, frames,
& outriggers.
Suspended Scaffolds
Platforms suspended by
ropes or other non-rigid,
overhead support.
Aerial Lifts Scaffolds
such as “cherry pickers” or
“boom trucks”
Mobile Scaffolding
Mobile scaffolds are a type of
supported scaffold set on wheels or
casters. They are designed to be easily
moved and are commonly used for
things like painting and plastering,
where workers must frequently change
position.
SCAFFOLDER
ACCESSORIES
DIGITAL TORQUE WRENCH
SCAFFOLD
MATERIALS
STANDARDS
CLAMPS
TOEBOARD
CLAMPS
LADDER
CLAMPS
PLANKS
 Timber and timber based materials
Timber shall be stress graded in accordance with EN 338.
If a protective coating is used, it shall not prevent the
discovery of defects in the material.
Plywood for platform units shall have at least five plies and a
minimum thickness of 9 mm.
Plywood platform units assembled ready for use shall be
capable of retaining a circular steel bar of 25 mm
diameter and 300 mm length falling endwise from a height of
1 m.
Plywood shall have a good durability with regard to climatic
conditions.
A finished scaffold board shall be of the length described by the supplier, with a
tolerance of ±25 mm, except in the case of boards of basic length greater than 3.9
m, for which the tolerance on length shall be ±50 mm.
Target cross-sectional sizes
Thickness mm Width mm
38 ±2 225 ±5
63 ±3 225 ±5
BASEPLATES
The maximum design load from the working scaffold
to the foundations. The area of the end plate shall be a
minimum of 150 cm2. The minimum width shall be 120
mm.
Position the
adjustable
jacks with
base plate,
sole plate
and mud
sills.
ADJUSTABLE
JACKS
Base jacks shall be provided with a centrally positioned adjusting spindle of such dimensions that, in the unloaded
condition, the greatest inclination of the axis of the shaft from the axis of the standard does not exceed 2,5 %.
The minimum overlap length at any position of adjustment shall be 25 % of the total length of the shaft, or 150
mm
whichever is greater. The thickness of the endplate shall be at least 6 mm. Shaped endplates shall have at least the
same rigidity.
CASTER
WHEELS
JOINT PIN
The overlapping length of the spigot is at least 150 mm and
the play between the nominal inner diameter of the tube and
the nominal outer diameter of the spigot is not greater than
4 mm.
or
The overlapping length of the spigot is at least 80 mm and
the play between the nominal inner diameter of the tube and
the nominal outer diameter of the spigot is not greater than
2 mm.
STORAGE OF MATERIAL
SCAFFOLDING
INSPECTION
 SCAFFOLD TERMINOLOGY
(Assessment Part)

TOP RAIL
MID RAIL
DROP BAR

FALSE UPRIGHT
0.95m – 1.15
m
(38”-45”)
36” min.

SCAFFOLD PLANKS LADDER CLAMP

BEARER (TRANSOM) TOEBOARD
LONGITUDINAL
BRACING
STANDARD
SWIVEL COUPLER

FIXED COUPLER (90º)

RUNNER (LEDGER)
TRANSVERSE BRACING
BASE LIFT
(KICKER LIFT)

BASE PLATE
SILL (SOLE BOARD)
 I. SCAFFOLD TERMINOLOGY

BOARD BEARER BAY LENGTH

(INTERMEDIATE
TRANSOM)

RUNNERS
(LEDGERS)
RUNNERS &
BEARERS
INSTALLED
BEARERS INSIDE POSTS
(TRANSOMS) TYP.

POST
(STANDARD)

BASE PLATES

SILLS (SOLE
BOARDS) BASE LIFT
(KICKER LIFT)
 I. SCAFFOLD TERMINOLOGY

BEARERS RUNNERS
(TRANSOMS) (LEDGERS)
BAY LENGTH

BAY SCAFFOLD
WIDTH

LIFT
6” HEIGH
T

POST
(STANDARD)

BASE LIFT
(Foot Tie or Kicker
Lift)
 FALL PROTECTION
 Each person who could fall more than 1.8 m. (6 ft.) shall be protected
from falling by means of guardrail systems or personal fall arrest
systems.
 GUARDRAIL SYSTEMS
 Guardrail system shall be able to withstand a force of at least 90kg.
(200 lbs.) It consists:
1. Toprails - top edge height of toprails self closing
shall not be less than 0.95 m. (38 “) drop bar
false
and not more than 1.15 m. (45”) upright
above the walking/working surface of a toprails (puncheon)
platform. midrail
2. Midrails – installed approximately s
halfway between the walking/working
surface and toprail.
3. Toeboards – shall have no more than 6
mm. (1/4”) gap above the working
surface and should withstand a force of
at least 23 kg (50 lbs).
toeboard
s
 PERSONAL FALL ARREST SYSTEMS
 Full body harnesses, lanyards, lifelines or overhead structural anchorage,
and other components of personal fall arrest system shall have a
capacity of at least 2,300 kgs. (5,000 lbs.).
 Lanyards shall have a maximum length of 1.8 m. (6 ft.) thus it shall be
anchored high enough to prevent the worker from free falling more than
6 feet (1.8m.) or striking any lower level should a fall occur.
 Horizontal and vertical lifelines shall be made from 10 mm. (3/8”)
min. diameter wire rope. Horizontal lifelines shall be maintained with a
sag at the center of no greater than 300mm.. (12”) for every 10 m.
(33 ft.) of lifeline length between attachments.

 FALLING OBJECT PROTECTION

 Toeboards shall be installed on all edges of elevated work areas more
than 1.8 m. (6 ft.) above lower levels. It shall conform the ffg.
requirements:
1. Minimum dimension of 100 mm. (4”) in height and 25 mm. (1”)
thick.
2. No more than 6 mm. (1/4”) above the working surface.
3. Should withstand a force of at least 23 kg. (50 lbs.)
 When there is a danger for objects falling through guardrails a protective
screen (minimum No. 18 gauge wire with a maximum 13 mm.
mesh) shall be securely fixed to the toeboard, midrail and guardrail.
 ENTRY AND EXIT
 A safe means of access shall be provided whenever the scaffold platform
is 0.6 m (2 feet) above or below a point of access.
 If horizontal travel distance exceeds 15 m (50 feet) each elevated work
area shall have at least 2 means of exit. A means of exit shall be
provided at least every 30 m (100 feet).
 Minimum clear headroom above scaffold platforms shall be 1.8 meters
(6 feet).

 LADDERS
 A slope of 4:1, side rails rigidly attached to supporting structure (top, middle, bottom).
 Rungs uniformly spaced between 250 mm (10”) and 360 mm (14”) although 300 mm
(12 inches) is preferred.
 Shall have a minimum clear distance of 760 mm (30”) to the nearest protruding object
on the climbing side. This distance maybe reduced to 610 mm (24 inches) if deflector
plates are provided.
 Distance on the climbing side to the nearest object on the back side of the ladder shall be
no less than 250 mm (10 inches). When unavoidable a minimum vertical toe clearance
of 100 mm. (4”) shall apply.
 GENERAL
 Scaffold components manufactured by different manufacturers should not be
intermixed unless the components are compatible and the scaffold’s structural
integrity is maintained.
 All defective scaffold component s shall be marked with bright fluorescent orange
paint and immediately removed from property or project site.

 SCAFFOLD TUBING AND FITTINGS SPECIFICATIONS

 SCAFFOLD TUBING AND FITTINGS SPECIFICATIONS
Safe Working Load of Individual Coupler
 PLATFORM UNITS

 Scaffold planks shall not be used as concrete forms,

trench shoring, or as sills for scaffolds.
 FOUNDATIONS
 Foundations shall be sound, rigid, and capable of carrying the scaffold
self-weight plus the maximum intended load without settling or
displacement.
 Scaffolds shall not be hung from or supported by guardrails or handrails.
 STABILITY
 Scaffold posts and frames shall be vertically plumb and vertically braced
in both directions.
 Supported scaffolds with a height to the uppermost planked level that is
over three times the minimum base dimension (over a 3:1height-to-
width ratio) shall be restrained from tipping by ties, guys, outrigger
frames, or equivalent means.
 Ties and guys shall be installed as follows:
 STABILITY
 Ties and guys shall be installed as follows:

 Ties or guys shall be spaced vertically every 8 m. (26’)(4 lifts) or less.

 Ties or guys shall be installed on both ends of the scaffold and at
horizontal intervals not to exceed 9 m. (30’) measured from one end
toward the other.
 STABILITY

CROSS TUBE
 SCAFFOLD PLATFORM CONSTRUCTION AND USE

 If the front edge of a working platform is less than 360 mm. (14”) from
the face of the wall or structure, guardrails do not need to be erected
from that edge.
 For medium-duty and more heavily loaded scaffolds, at least one board
bearer (intermediate transom) shall be used in every bay at each
platform level.
 Planks should be secured on both ends by using fiber rope/wire lashing,
clamped toe boards or other equivalent means. Planks & toe boards
should not be nailed.
 The slope of platform units shall not exceed 1 vertical to 4 horizontal.
 Scaffold platforms, landings, and walkways should be at least 675 mm.
(27”) (3planks) wide, including during erection, dismantling and
alteration.
 Scaffold materials shall not be thrown or dropped from heights.
 SCAFFOLD PLATFORM CONSTRUCTION AND USE
 Gaps between platform units shall be less than 25 mm. (1”) wide.
When larger gaps are unavoidable, they shall be covered as follows:
o Gaps less than 600 mm. (2’) in width shall be covered at least 20
mm. (1”) thick, exterior grade plywood. Plywood covering shall be
overlapped with at least the width of the gap, 12” min., on both
sides of the opening and held with cleats.
o Gaps larger than 600 mm. (2’) in width shall be covered with
properly secured cross planks.
 Safe landings shall be provided at the top of all ladders and at least every
9m. (30’) of ladder height.
 If an internal ladder is used, opening shall be at least 675mm. (27”) (3
planks) wide & not less than 900mm (36”) deep.
 If an external ladder is used, step-through opening width on guardrails
shall not be less than 675 mm. (27”) or more than 760 mm. (30”).
 The slope of scaffold platform units shall not exceed 1 vertical to 4
horizontal.
 SCAFFOLD PLATFORM CONSTRUCTION AND USE
 CLEARANCES
 Scaffold operations adjacent to overhead power lines are prohibited
unless one of the following conditions are satisfied:
o The power line has been de-energized, relocated, or protective
coverings installed to prevent accidental contact with the lines. It
should be lockout/tag out.
o Satisfies clearance between scaffold and power lines.
CLEARANCES BETWEEN SCAFFOLDS AND POWER LINES:

Insulated Minimum Distance Uninsulated

Less than 300 Volts. 1 meter (3 feet) - - - - -
300 Volts to 50 Kv. 3 meters (10 feet) Less than 50 Kv.
3 meters (10 feet) + 4 inches per Kv
More than 50 Kv. More than 50 Kv.
over 50 Kv.

Alternative: 2x the length of the line insulator but never less than 3 meter (10 feet).

 Bases of scaffold shall be at least 1.5 times the depth of excavation

away from the edges of the excavations (including trenches).
 RAISING AND LOWERING MATERIALS USING GIN
WHEELS
 The gin wheel shall be mounted on a cantilevered horizontal tube
projecting outward from the scaffold and shall be kept to a minimum
distance, not greater than 750 mm. (30”). Tube shall be fixed with
right-angle couplers to two scaffold post (standard).
 Materials to be raised shall not exceed 50 kg. (110 lbs.), the rope shall
be of the correct size to suit the gin wheel, usually 18-mm. (3/4”).
 TYPICAL TUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLD
PLANKING
(BOARDS)
GUARDRAIL SYSTEM
INCLUDING TOEBOARDS

TOEBOARD
CLIPS

RUNNER
(LEDGER)

BEARER
(TRANSOM)

RIGHT-ANGLE
(DOUBLE) COUPLER
POST
(STANDARD)

1/4” THK.
(Min.) BASE
PLATE
SILL
LONGITUDINAL
TRANSVERSE (FAÇADE) BRACING
ADJUSTABLE CROSS (“X”) 150 150
(SWIVEL) COUPLER BRACING mm. mm.
(6”) (6”)
Min. Min.
 HORIZONTAL MEMBERS
 No lift height shall exceed 2m.
 HORIZONTAL MEMBERS
 Bearers (transoms) and board bearers (intermediate transom) shall be
installed on top of and not underneath supporting runners.

 Every line of posts (standards) shall have runners (ledgers) installed

horizontally in continuous lengths along the entire scaffold length
(longitudinally) and bearers (transoms) installed in continuous lengths
across the entire scaffold width (transversely), at each lift.
 Bracing
 Vertical bracing to prevent excessive sway is necessary in both the
transverse and longitudinal direction of all system and tube & coupler
scaffolds for the full height of the scaffold.
 Transverse (sectional) braces shall be connected to either posts
(standards) or runners (ledgers) as close as possible to the
intersection (node point) of the bearer (transom) and post (standard).
 Longitudinal (façade) braces shall be connected to posts (standards) as
close as possible to the intersection (node point) of the runner (ledger)
and post (standard).
 Bracing
 Brace ends may be joined together with end-to-end (sleeve) couplers.
Alternatively, for braces subject to large tension loads, shall be
overlapped & joined with at least two adjustable (swivel) couplers,
 TYPICAL TUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLD
PLANKING
(BOARDS)
GUARDRAIL SYSTEM
INCLUDING TOEBOARDS

TOEBOARD
CLIPS

RUNNER
(LEDGER)

BEARER
(TRANSOM)

RIGHT-ANGLE
(DOUBLE) COUPLER POST
(STANDARD)

1/4” THK. (Min.)

BASE PLATE
SILL
TRANSVERSE LONGITUDINAL
CROSS (“X”) (FAÇADE) BRACING 150 mm. 150 mm.
ADJUSTABLE (SWIVEL)
COUPLER BRACING (6”) Min. (6”) Min.
 RUNNERS (LEDGERS) AND BEARERS (TRANSOMS)
 Runners (ledgers) and bearers (transoms) shall be securely fixed to the
inside of each posts. (standard).
 When bearers (transoms) and board bearers (intermediate transoms)
are coupled to runners (ledgers) they shall always be installed on top of
the supporting runners
 Bearers (transoms), including board bearers, shall extend at least 100
mm. (4”) beyond the runner centerline.
 RUNNERS (LEDGERS) AND BEARERS (TRANSOMS)
 Runners (ledgers) shall be connected to posts (standards) only with
right-angle (load bearing) couplers.
 When bearers (transoms) are coupled to posts (standards), the bearer
shall be connected to the posts only with right-angle (load bearing)
couplers and the coupler shall rest directly on the runners (ledgers)
right-angle couplers.
 When a bearer (transom) is coupled to a supporting runner (ledger), the
coupler shall never be more than 300 mm. (12”) apart from the post.
 At lifts to be planked, right-angle couplers should not be used to attach
bearers or board bearers to runners, because the coupler bolts may
interfere with proper placement of planks. Instead bearer (putlog)
couplers shall be used.
 RUNNERS (LEDGERS) AND BEARERS (TRANSOMS)
 Runners (ledger) or bearers (transoms) shall not have more than one
joint between adjacent posts, joints shall be staggered (adjacent joints
shall not occur on the same bay).
 End-to-end couplers may be used may be used for joints in runners
(ledgers) or bearers (transoms), the joint shall not be located more than
300mm. (12”) from a post (standard).
 Alternatively, joints in
runners or bearers may be
made by abutting the runner
or bearer ends together and
overlapping this ends with a
separate parallel tube. This
parallel tube shall be
coupled to each abutted
runner or bearer end with at
least two equally spaced
adjustable swivel couplers.
In this case, the joint shall
not be located in the
middle third of the runner
or bearer span.
 RUNNERS (LEDGERS) AND BEARERS (TRANSOMS)
 Right-angle (double) couplers shall
be installed such that the load is
against the hinge and not against
the bolt.

 Scaffold couplers shall be tightened

to the torque as indicated by the
manufacturer preferably between
40 kg-m. (30 ft.-lbs.) and 80
kg-m. (60 ft-lbs.) Only proper
scaffold spanner wrenches shall be
used. “Cheater bars” or longer
handled wrenches shall not be
used, as they give greater leverage
than proper scaffold spanner
wrenches and could damage the
coupler.
 VERTICAL BRACING ( Transverse “Zigzag” Bracing)
 Transverse (sectional) “zigzag” bracing: The first diagonal brace shall be
installed from the base of the first post (standard) diagonally upward to
the first lift at whichever post (standard) is required to make the angle
of the diagonal brace be between 35 and 55 degrees (may be across
two bays in one lift height). Additional diagonal braces shall be installed
in alternating directions (“zigzag”) until reaching the top of the scaffold.
 VERTICAL BRACING
( Transverse “Zigzag” Bracing)

 For wide scaffolds, this

transverse “zigzag” bracing
shall be shall be repeated
across the width of the
scaffold such that no more
than 3 adjacent bays are
open without transverse
bracing. This set of
transverse “zig-zag” braces
shall be installed at both
scaffold ends and repeated
along the length of the
scaffold at least every
third line of posts
(standards).

210
 VERTICAL BRACING ( Transverse “Zigzag” Bracing)
 For wide scaffolds
 VERTICAL BRACING
(Transverse “X” Bracing)
 Transverse (sectional) “X”
bracing: the first two diagonal
braces are installed forming an
“X” shape. Thus, the first brace
is installed from the base of the
first post (standard) diagonally
upward to the first lift at the post
(standard) required for the base
to be between 35 and 55
degrees (may be across two
bays in one lift height). The
second brace is installed from the
base of the same post (standard)
diagonally upward to the first
post (standard). This “X” bracing
should be repeated up to the
height of the scaffold at least
every third lift (two adjacent
open lift heights permitted.
212
 VERTICAL BRACING (Transverse “X” Bracing)
 For wide scaffolds, such transverse “X” bracing shall be repeated across
the width of the scaffold such that no more than 3 adjacent bays are
open without transverse bracing. This set of transverse “X” braces shall be
installed at both scaffold ends and repeated along the length of the scaffold
at least every third line of posts (standards).

213
 VERTICAL BRACING (Longitudinal “Facade” Bracing)
 Longitudinal (façade) bracing for a scaffold whose length is greater than its
height: A diagonal brace shall be installed from the base of the first post (standard)
upward, at between 35 and 55 degrees, to the extreme top of the scaffold. This
longitudinal bracing shall be repeated along the length of the scaffold at least every 5th
posts (standard). This longitudinal (façade) bracing shall be installed in opposite
directions, along the front (inner) and rear (outer) lines of posts (standards).

214
 VERTICAL BRACING
(Longitudinal “Facade” Bracing)

 Longitudinal (façade) bracing

for a scaffold whose length is
less than its height: The first
diagonal brace shall be installed
from the base of the first end post
(standard) upward, at between
35 and 55 degrees, along the
entire length of the scaffold to the
last end post. Additional diagonal
braces shall then be installed, at
between 35 and 55 degrees, in
alternating directions (“zigzag”)
across the entire scaffold length
until reaching the top of the
scaffold. This longitudinal (façade)
bracing shall be installed in
opposite directions, along the
front (inner) and rear (outer) lines
of posts (standards).
 VERTICAL BRACING (Interior Longitudinal “Zig-zag” Bracing)
 Interior longitudinal “zig-zag” bracing for a scaffold with multiple bays across its with
(“birdcage” scaffold): The first diagonal brace shall be installed from the base of the first
post (standard) diagonally upward, at between 35 and 55 degrees, to
the second post at the first
lift (across one bay in one
lift height). Additional
diagonal braces shall then
be installed in alternating
directions (“zig-zag”) until
reaching the top of the
scaffold. Such longitudinal
“zig-zag” bracing shall be
repeated along the length of
the scaffold such that no
more than 4 adjacent bays
are open without
longitudinal braces. This set
of longitudinal “zig-zag”
braces shall be repeated
across the width of the
scaffold at least every third
line of post.

216
 MOBILE AND TOWER SCAFFOLD CONSTRUCTION

Mobile and tower scaffolds shall be

plumb, level, and square and be
horizontally and vertically braced
(in both directions) by diagonal
braces.
Plan (horizontal) bracing shall be
installed at the base, at the top,
and at least every third lift of all
mobile and tower scaffolds to
prevent racking (twisting).
This document applies to the design of
mobile access and working towers
made of prefabricated elements
with a height from 2,5 m to 12,0
m (indoors) and from 2,5 m to 8,0
m (outdoors).
  MOBILE AND TOWER SCAFFOLD CONSTRUCTION
 Tube & coupler mobile and tower scaffolds that are one bay long and
one bay wide (only 4 posts):

MAX. POST SPACING

ADD’L REQUIREMENT /
LOADING IN BOTH DIRECTION
CONDITION
(only 4 post)
• Used only for personnel access
and inspection
• At least two equally spaced
Light-duty 2 m. (6.5ft) board bearers shall be used
• Uppermost work platform
height shall not exceed 3 times
the minimum base dimension
•Uppermost work platform height
Medium-
1.5 m. (5 ft) shall not exceed 3 times the
duty
minimum base dimension
 MOBILE AND TOWER SCAFFOLD CONSTRUCTION
 Tube & coupler mobile and tower scaffolds that are one bay long and
one bay wide (only 4 posts):

MAX. POST SPACING

ADD’L REQUIREMENT /
LOADING IN BOTH DIRECTION
CONDITION
(only 4 post)
• Used only for personnel access
and inspection
• At least two equally spaced
Light-duty 2 m. (6.5ft) board bearers shall be used
• Uppermost work platform
height shall not exceed 3 times
the minimum base dimension
•Uppermost work platform height
Medium-
1.5 m. (5 ft) shall not exceed 3 times the
duty
minimum base dimension
 MOBILE AND TOWER SCAFFOLD CONSTRUCTION

 MOBILE SCAFFOLD

220
 MOBILE AND TOWER SCAFFOLD CONSTRUCTION

 Mobile scaffolds rated for Light-duty

shall have steel casters not less than
120 mm. (5”) in diameter.
 Mobile scaffolds rated for
Medium-duty shall have heavy-
duty steel casters not less than
170 mm. (7”) in diameter.
 All casters shall be fitted with a
positive wheel lock (which
cannot be accidentally released)
to prevent movement while the
mobile scaffold is being used.
 Casters shall be securely fixed to
the base of scaffold posts or
screwjacks by locking pins.
LADDERS
X. SCAFFOLD TAGGING

 RED SCAFFOLD TAG

 Indicates the scaffold has

not been inspected or is
not safe for use (by
anyone other than the
scaffold erection
craftsmen.
X. SCAFFOLD TAGGING

 GREEN SCAFFOLD TAG

 Indicates the scaffold

is complete, has
been inspected, and
is safe for use at the
time of inspection.
X. SCAFFOLD TAGGING

 YELLOW SCAFFOLD
TAG

 Indicates the
scaffold has been
inspected and may
be used only by
workers wearing a
properly anchored
personal fall arrest
system, including a
full body harness
and lanyard.
GUARDRAILS & EDGE
PROTECTION
Deflection of fencing structures
The grid of a fencing structure shall not deflect more
than 100 mm with reference to its supports.
When a fencing structure is combined with a guardrail,
the requirements for a guardrail shall be satisfied
separately.
Faces of scaffolds shall be covered with tarpaulin
sheeting covers (Containment Sheeting) to protect
against scattering of dust and debris on people
and cars in the street. (in this case, wind loads
shall be considered)
LOADS
There are three main types of loading which need to be
considered:
a) Permanent loads; these shall include the self weight of the
scaffold structure, including all components, such as
platforms, fences, fans and other protective structures and
any ancillary structures such as hoist towers.
b) Variable loads; these shall include service loads (loading
on the working area, loads on the side protection) and
wind loads and, if appropriate, snow and ice loads
c) Accidental loads
 LIGHT-DUTY TUBE AND COUPLER SCAFFOLDS
 LIGHT-DUTY SCAFFOLD LOADING
 LIGHT-DUTY TUBE AND COUPLER SCAFFOLDS
 Embossed Light-duty Tube & Coupler Scaffold Post Spacing
Transverse post Longitudinal Post
Embosse Number of 225mm (9”)
Spacing Spacing
d wide planks per bay
(Bearer/Transom (Runner/Ledger
Tubing width
Span) Span)
Option 1 4 1.0 m (3.25 ft.) 2.7 m (9.0 ft.) max.
Option 2 5 1.2 m (4.0 ft.) 2.4 m (8.0 ft.) max.
OPTION 1
 LIGHT-DUTY TUBE AND COUPLER SCAFFOLDS
 Embossed Light-duty Tube & Coupler Scaffold Post Spacing

OPTION 2
 LIGHT-DUTY TUBE AND COUPLER SCAFFOLDS
 Larger post spacing may be used if justified by structural calculations or load test
submitted for review, along with material tensile/yield stress test reports for the specific
scaffold tubing to be used.
 All light-duty tube & coupler scaffolds may have a maximum of three working levels in
use at any one time only when there are no additional levels where platform units are
installed. The maximum total number of levels that can be planked at one time depends
on the number of working levels simultaneously used by workers. The maximum
uniformly distributed load on each working level shall be 120 kg/m2 (1.2 kN/m2) (25
lb./ft2).
 Light-duty tube & coupler scaffolds requiring more than the above working
or planked levels, or over the maximum heights shown in the table, shall be
classified as a Special Scaffold. Preferably, a properly designed system
scaffold should be used instead of tube & coupler construction for scaffolds
over 38 m. (125 ft.) tall
 MEDIUM-DUTY TUBE AND COUPLER SCAFFOLDS
 MEDIUM-DUTY LOADING
 MEDIUM-DUTY TUBE AND COUPLER SCAFFOLDS
 All tubing used to construct Medium-duty and more heavily loaded tube &
coupler scaffolds shall be embossed.
 Maximum post spacing for medium-duty scaffolds:
OPTION 1

254
 MEDIUM-DUTY TUBE AND COUPLER SCAFFOLDS
 Maximum post spacing for medium-duty scaffolds:

OPTION 2
 MEDIUM-DUTY TUBE AND COUPLER SCAFFOLDS
 Larger post spacing may be used if justified by structural calculations or
load test submitted for review, along with material tensile/yield stress test
reports for the specific scaffold tubing to be used.

 Medium-duty tube & coupler scaffolds may have a maximum of two

working levels in use at any one time only when there are no additional
levels where platform units are installed. However, when only one working
level is being used, a maximum of additional 6 levels may be planked if
they are not being used at the same time. The maximum distributed load
on each working level shall not exceed 240 kg/m2 (2.4 kN/m2) (50
lb./ft2).

 Medium-duty tube & coupler scaffolds requiring more than the above
working or planked levels, or over the maximum heights shown in the
table, shall be classified as a Special Scaffold and shall be properly
designed and reviewed. Preferably, a properly designed system scaffold
should be used instead of tube & coupler construction for scaffolds over
38 m. (125 ft.) tall
 Types of Scaffolds - Load
Light duty scaffold: A scaffold designed and
constructed to carry a working load not to exceed
25 pounds per square foot.
150kg/m²
Medium duty scaffold: A scaffold designed and
constructed to carry a working load not to exceed
50 pounds per square foot.
200kg/m²

Heavy duty scaffold: A scaffold designed and

constructed to carry a working load not to exceed
75 pounds per square foot. 250kg/m²
 How to identify light duty/medium duty/heavy duty)

Light duty 1.2mx3m 3m

Working platform (4x10feet)
Bearer diameter 5cm 1.2m

(Ledger)

2.4m
Medium duty 1.2mx2.1m 1.8x2.4m
Working platform (4x7feet) (6x8feet) 1.8m
Bearer diameter 5cm 6.25cm
(Ledger)
1.8m
Heavy duty 2m X 2m
Working platform 66̍ x 66̍ 1.8m
Bearer diameter 6.25cm
(Ledger)
 LOAD CALCULATION
1.2 1.2/1.8 2
Light Duty 150kg/m²
Medium Duty 200kg/m²
Area=3mx2m=6m²
Heavy Duty 250kg/m²
3m

2m 3 2.1/2.4 2

For light duty 150x6=900kg

For Medium duty 200x6=1200kg
For Heavy duty 250x6=1500kg
OSHA 1926.451(b)(10) – Scaffolds over 125
feet (38 m) in height above their base
plates shall be designed by registered
professional engineer, and shall be
conducted and loaded in accordance with
such design.
The basic load combination is for two platforms; one
loaded fully, one at 50 %.
THANK YOU
THE END