SMK TAT BENG

PHYSICS
FORM 4

2.1 Linear Motion

 Linear Motion (Pergerakan Linear)
 Linear motion is motion in a straight line.
 Examples of linear motion are:-

A train moving in A car moving in

A falling coconut A moving bullet
a straight line a straight line

 Examples of non-linear motion are:-

A snake crawling A roller-coaster ride

 Linear Motion (Pergerakan Linear)
 Dynamics is the study of the motion of an object due to a
force.
 Kinematics is the study of the motion of an object without
being concerned with the forces which cause the motion.

Linear motion

Kinematics – without Dynamics – force are

consideration of force importance

 All physical quantities can be grouped as scalar

quantities and vector quantities.
 Linear Motion (Pergerakan Linear)
 A scalar quantity is a quantity which has magnitude only.
 A vector quantity is a quantity which has both magnitude
and direction.

Example Scalar
quantity
(a) Ali moves three steps.

Magnitude Unit Vector

quantity
(b) Ali move three
three step to the right
right.

Magnitude Unit
Direction
 Distance and Displacement (Sesaran)
Distance
 Distance is the total length of the path travelled by an object.
 Distance does not take into account the direction travelled by
the object.
 Distance is thus a scalar quantity.

Displacement
 The displacement of an object is the distance of its final
position from its initial position in a specified direction. (jarak
yang dilalui dalam arah yang tertentu)
 Displacement is the length of the straight line connecting the
two locations, in a specified direction.
 Displacement is a vector quantity.
 Both distance and displacement have the same SI unit which
is metre, m.
 Distance and Displacement (Sesaran)
Example

Figure above shows a school bus travelling from location A to

location H to pick up some students. Find the...
(a) total distance travelled by the bus,
(b) Displacement of the bus
 Distance and Displacement (Sesaran)
Solution
(a) Distance is defined as the total length of the path travelled from
one location to another.
The total distance travelled by the bus using the path A-B-C-D-
E-F-G-H
= 160 m + 160 m + 160 m + 160 m + 240 m + 140 m + 80 m
= 1100 m.
(b) Displacement is the length of the straight line connecting the two
locations, in a specified direction.
For the bus travelling from A to
H, its displacement is
determined by measuring the
length of the straight line
connecting A to H and the
direction of H from A as shown
in Figure 2.3 Hence, the
displacement is 180 m, in the
north direction of A.
 Distance and Displacement (Sesaran)
 Distance is a scalar quantity while displacement is a
vector quantity.

Examples of scalar quantity and vector quantity

Displacement, distance, acceleration, area, velocity, speed

Scalar quantity Vector quantity

Distance Displacement
Area Acceleration
Speed Velocity
 Distance and Displacement (Sesaran)
THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DISTANCE AND
DISPLACEMENT

Aspect Distance Displacement

Distance taken with

Total route taken by
Definition consideration of
a motion.
Direction.
Vector quantity,
Type of Scalar quantity,
direction & magnitude
quantity with magnitude only.
are importance.

SI unit Metre (m)

 Example 1

Figure above shows a car moving round a big roundabout

which has a radius of 70 m. Calculate...
(a) the distance moved by the car,
(b) the displacement of the car.
 Example 1
Solution
(a) The distance moved by the car is the circumference of
circle with radius 70 m.
Circumference = 2πr
= 2 x (22/7) x 70m
= 440m

(b) • Consider a car moves from point

A and makes one complete circle.
• This means that point A is also
the end point of the motion.
Hence the displacement of the
car is zero.
 Example 2
A cow moves 3 m to the east and then 4 m to the north.
Find the...
(a) total distance moved by the cow,
(b) Displacement of the cow

Solution
(a) The total distance moved by the cow
= Length of AB + Length of BC
=3m+4m
=7m

Let the starting point of the cow be A and the

(b) end point be C. The displacement is calculated
from A to C, in the direction of AC. The
displacement is 5 m in the direction of AC.
 Example 3
Every morning Amirul walks to Boon Hong's house which is
situated 80 m to the east of Amirul's house. They then walk
towards their school which is 60 m to the south of Boon
Hong's house. What is the distance travelled by Amirul and
his displacement from his house?

Solution
 Example 3
Solution
Distance travelled by Amirul = Total length of the path travelled
= PQ + QR
= 80 m+ 60 m
= 140 m

Displacement of Amirul
= Distance of Amirul's final position, R from his initial position,P
= 802  602 m
= 100m
tan θ = 60 / 80
= 36.9o
The displacement of Amirul is 100 m on a bearing of 90° +
36.9° = 126.9° from his house.
 Example 4
If a boy takes 10 s to finish each of the following paths AB, find
the total distance travelled, and the displacement in each case.
(Take π = 3.14)

(b)

Solution:
(a) (i) Total distance travelled = (2 + 4 +6+8 + 6 +2)m
= 28 m
(ii) Displacement = the shortest distance between A and B
= (4 + 8) m
= 12 m
 Example 4
Solution:
(b) (i) Total distance travelled = (π x 2m) + (π x 4m)
= 18.84m
(ii) Displacement = the shortest distance between A and B
= (2 + 2 + 4 + 4) m
= 12 m
 Speed and Velocity
 Speed and velocity are physical quantities which measure
how fast an object is moving.
 The speed limit on the highway in Malaysia is 110kmh-1.
We cannot travel more than 110km in an hour. But we can
travel in any direction.
 “An athlete is running towards the checkpoint at a velocity
of 24ms-1. When we talk about velocity, we should indicate
the direction (towards the checkpoint) and also the
magnitude (24ms-1).
 Speed is a scalar quantity while velocity is a vector
quantity.
 Speed is the rate of change of distance (kadar perubahan
jarak terhadap masa) while velocity is the rate of change
of displacement (kadar perubahan sesaran terhadap
masa).
 Speed and Velocity
 In mathematical writing:

Total disance travelled , s (m)

Speed 
Total time taken, t ( s )

Total displaceme nt , s (m)

Velocity 
Total time taken, t ( s )

 Both speed and velocity have the same SI unit.

 They are measured in ms-1 or metres per second.
Speed and Velocity

The car moves forward at a speed of

2.2 ms-1 or at a velocity of 2.2 ms-1.

The car moves backwards at a speed

of 2.2 ms-1 or at a velocity of -2.2 m s-1

The car is moving round a circle with

an average speed of 44 ms-1,
but the velocity is 0 ms-1.
 Comparison Between Speed and Velocity

Aspect Speed Velocity

Rate of change of Rate of change of

Definition
distance displacement
Type of
Scalar quantity Vector quantity
quantity
Speed Velocity
Formula 
Total disance travelled , s ( m)

Total displaceme nt , s ( m)
Total time taken, t ( s ) Total time taken, t ( s )

SI unit ms-1 ms-1

 Example 5
A man running in a race covers 60 m in 12 s.
(a) What is his average speed in :-
(i) ms-1,
(ii) kmh-1
(b) If he takes 40 s to complete the race, what is his distance
covered?
(c) Another man runs with a speed of 7.5 m s-1, how long did
he take to complete the race?

Solution
total dis tan ce travelled
(a )i. average speed 
time taken
60

12
 5ms 1
 Example 5
Solution 5
(a)ii. Average speed  1000
1
60 x60
 18kmh1
dis tan ce
(b)ii. Speed 
dis tan ce time
(b)i. Speed  dis tan ce
time time 
Dis tan ce  speed x time speed
200
5x4 
7.5
 200m  26.7 s
 Example 6
In a 200 m swimming competition. a swimmer takes 12.2 s for
the first lap, 12.6 s for the second lap, 12.8 s for the third lap
and 12.5 s for the fourth lap. One lap is 50 m long. Find the
average speed of the swimmer.

Solution

total dis tan ce travelled

(a)ii. Average speed 
total time taken
200

12.2  12.8  12.6  12.5
 3.99ms 1
 Example 6
A cow walked along a curved path from P and
ended at Q which is 70 m away from P. Q is at
the south-west of P. The distance travelled by
cow is 240 m and the time taken is 160 s

Calculate the
(a) Average speed
(b) Average velocity
Of the cow when moving from P to Q
 Example 6
Solution
Total distance travelled = 240m
Displacement = 70m
Time taken = 160s
total dis tan ce travelled
(a)i Average speed 
total time taken
240

160
 1.5ms 1
total displaceme nt travelled
(b) Average velocity 
total time taken
70m

160s
 0.44ms 1
in the south  west direction of P
 Acceleration and Deceleration

 Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.

Final velocity(v)  Initial velocity(u )
Acceleration(a) 
Time taken(t )

 The SI unit of acceleration is ms-2

 Acceleration is a vector quantity.
 Physically, when an object moves faster and faster it is
moving with acceleration.
 Object that moves slower and slower is moving with
deceleration or negative acceleration.
 Example 7
A runner runs from the starting line and achieves a velocity
of 18 m s-1 in 3 seconds. Calculate his acceleration.

Solution

Final velocity(v)  Initial velocity(u )

Acceleration(a ) 
Time taken(t )
(18  0)ms 1

3s
 6ms  2
 Example 8
A van accelerated uniformly from a velocity of 15 ms-1 to 20
ms-1 in 2.5 s. What was the acceleration of the van?

Solution
Initial velocity, u = 15 ms-1
Final velocity, v = 20 ms-1
Time take = 2.5 s

Final velocity(v)  Initial velocity(u )

Acceleration(a ) 
Time taken(t )
(20  15)ms 1

2.5s
 2.0ms  2
 Example 8
A car travelling at 24 m s-1 slowed down when the traffic
light turned red. After undergoing uniform deceleration for 4
s, it stopped in front of the traffic light. Calculate the
acceleration of the car.
Solution
Initial velocity, u = 24 ms-1
Final velocity, v = 0 ms-1
Time take = 4 s
Final velocity(v)  Initial velocity(u )
Acceleration(a ) 
Time taken(t )
(0  24)ms 1
 A negative value indicates
4s deceleration
 6.0ms  2
 Example 9
A car increases its velocity steadily from 72 kmh-1 to 108
kmh-1 in 5 s. What is its acceleration in m s-2?

Solution
u  72kmh1 v  108kmh1
72 x 1000 108 x 1000
 
60 x 60 60 x 60
 20ms 1  30ms 1
Final velocity(v)  Initial velocity(u )
Acceleration(a) 
Time taken(t )
(30  20)ms 1

5s
 2ms  2
 Example 10
An object moves from rest with a uniform acceleration of 2
m s-2. What is the velocity of the object after 30 s?

Solution
Initial velocity, u = 0 ms-1
Time take = 30 s
Acceleration = 2 m s-2

Final velocity(v)  Initial velocity(u )

Acceleration(a) 
Time taken(t )
v  u  at
 0  (2 x30)
 60ms 1
 Example 11
A car moving at a constant velocity of 30 cm s-1 came to a
stop 6 s after its brakes were applied. What was the
deceleration of the car?

Solution
Initial velocity, u = 30 ms-1
final velocity, v = 0 ms-1
Time take = 6s
Final velocity(v)  Initial velocity(u )
Acceleration(a) 
Time taken(t )
(0  30)ms 1

6s
 5.0ms  2
Decelerati on  5.0ms  2
 Study of Motion with the Ticker Timer
 A ticker timer is used to study the motion of an object for
a short period of time.
 Figure below shows the ticker timer

 When the terminals are connected to the a.c. power

supply, the vibrating steel strip (hitter) will vibrate 50
times every second and make 50 dots a second on a
tape being pulled through it.
 Study of Motion with the Ticker Timer
 The time interval between two consecutive dots (time for
one tick) is 1 / 50 s or 0.02 s.
 Method To Calculate time
1 dot 1 dot

B C

1 tick
(2 dot form 1 tick)

Time taken from B to C = 1 tick

= 1 x 0.02s
= 0.02 s
 Method To Calculate time
A B C D E

4 tick (formed by 5 dots)

Time taken from A to E = 4 tick

= 4 x 0.02s
= 0.08 s

A B C D E F G

6tick (formed by 7 dots)

Time taken from A to E = 6 tick
= 6 x 0.02s
= 0.12 s
 Method To Calculate time
Time interval = number of dot space x 0.02 s

The ticker timer can be used to determine the...

(a) time interval of motion,
(b) displacement of the object,
(c) velocity of the object,
(d) acceleration of the object,
(e) type of motion of the object.
 Types of Motion (Patterns)

Direction of motion

Initial Final

The distance between the dots is the same.

.
It shows that the body is moving with constant speed.
 Types of Motion (Patterns)

Direction of motion

Initial Final

The distance between the dots is increasing.

.
It shows that the body is moving faster.
 Types of Motion (Patterns)

Direction of motion

Initial Final

The distance between the dots is decreasing.

.
It shows that the body is decreasing.
 Types of Motion (Patterns)

Direction of motion

Initial Final

The distance between the dots is short.

.
It shows that the body is moving very slowly.
 Types of Motion (Patterns)

Direction of motion

Initial Final

The distance between the dots is long.

.
It shows that the body is moving very fast.
 Determination of the Average Speed of a
Trolley by Using the Ticker Timer
18cm

A B C D E F G H I J

Guide Solution step

Time taken = number of ticks x 0.02
1. Determine the time (the
= 9 x 0.02s
number of ticks)
= 0.18s
2. Determine the distance
Total distance travelled is 18cm
travelled

Speed = 18cm / 0.18s

3. Speed = Distance / time taken
= 100cms-1
 Determination of the Acceleration of a
Trolley by Using the Ticker Timer
1cm 5cm

A B C D E F G
Direction of motion
Guide Solution step
One part = 2 ticks
1. Determine the time of one
= 2 x 0.02s
part
= 0.04s
2. Find initial velocity, u u = 1cm / 0.04s
= S initial / t initial = 25cms-1
 Determination of the Acceleration of a
Trolley by Using the Ticker Timer

Guide Solution step

3. Find final velocity, u v = 5cm / 0.04s

= S final / t final = 125cms-1
4. Determine the total time Total time, t = (6 - 1) x 0.04s
Total time = (total parts -1) x = 5 x 0.04s
time of one part = 0.2s
Acceleration, a = (v – u ) / t
5. Applying the formula, a
= 125 – 25 / 0.2
= (v – u) / t
= 500cms-1
 Example 12

Based on the ticker tape shown in Figure above, find...

(a) the acceleration.
(b) the average speed.
 Example 12
Solution
(a) Time taken for 1 part = 1 tick
= 0.02 s

Initial velocity, u = 4 cm / 0.02 s

= 200 cm s-1

Final velocity, v = 6 cm / 0.02 s

= 300 cm s-1

t = (3 - 1) x 0.02 s
= 0.04s

Acceleration, a = (300cms-1 – 200cms-1) / 0.04

= 2500 cms-2 / 25 ms-2
 Example 12
Solution
(b) Total distance = 4 cm + 5 cm + 6 cm
= 15 cm

Total time = 3 parts x 0.02

= 0.06 s

Average speed, v = s / t
= 15cm / 0.06s
= 250cms-1
 Example 13

Figure above shows a tape chart consisting of six consecutive

sections of a ticker tape which are glued side by side to show
the motion of a trolley down a sloping runway. Every section of
the ticker tape has ten ticks. The frequency of the a.c supply is
50 Hz. Find...
(a) the total displacement,
(b) the average velocity,
(c) the acceleration.
 Example 13
Solution
(a) Total displacement = 35 + 30 + 25 + 20 + 15 + 10
= 135 cm

(b) Total time = 6 x 10 0.02ss

10 x 0.02
Time for 1 ticks
= 1.2 s
Sections of 6 tapes
Each section have
10 ticks
Average velocity = Total displacement / total time
= 135 cm / 1.2 s
= 112.5 cms-1
 Example 13
Solution
(c) Initial velocity, u = 35 cm / (10 x 0.02 s)
= 175.0 cms-1

Final velocity, v = 10 cm / (10 x 0.02) s

= 50.0 cms-1

Total time, t = (6 -1) strips x (0.02 x 10)

= 5 x (0.02 x 10)
= 1.0 s

Acceleration, a = (v – u) / t
= 50.0 cms-1 -175.0 cms-1) / 1.0 s
= -125.0 cms-1
 Example 14

Figure above shows a section of a ticker-tape that was pulled

through a ticker-timer by a trolley as it moved down a raised
runway. What is the acceleration of the trolley if the ticker-
timer was connected to a 50 Hz alternating current power
supply?.
 Example 14
Solution
(a) Initial velocity, u = 0.4 cm / 0.02 s
= 20.0 cms-1

Final velocity, v = 2.0 cm / 0.02 s

= 100.0 cms-1

Time interval, t = (6 - 1) x 0.02 s

= 0.1s

Acceleration, a = (100 cms-1 – 20 cms-1) / 0.1 s

= 800 cms-2 / 8.0 ms-2
 Example 15

Figure above shows a strip of ticker tape depicting the

motion of a toy car with uniform acceleration. Determine the
acceleration of the toy car.
 Example 15
Solution
(a) Initial velocity, u = 0.2 cm / 0.02 s
= 10.0 cms-1

Final velocity, v = 1.6 cm / 0.02 s

= 80.0 cms-1

Time interval, t = (8 - 1) x 0.02 s

= 0.14 s

Acceleration, a = (80 cms-1 – 100 cms-1) / 0.14 s

= 500 cms-2 / 5.0 ms-2
 Example 16

Figure above shows a chart representing the movement of a

trolley with uniform deceleration. Determine its acceleration
 Example 16
Solution
Time for each 10 tick strip = 10 x 0.02 s
= 0.2 s

u = 7.2 cm / 0.2 s
= 36.0 cms-1

v = 1.2 cm / 0.2 s
= 6.0 cms-1

Total time, t = (6 - 1) x 0.02 s x 10

= 1.0 s

Acceleration, a = (6.0 cms-1 – 36.0 cms-1) / 1.0 s

= - 30.0 cms-2
 Equations of Motion
 Problems on linear motion with uniform acceleration can
often be solved quickly using the equations of motion.
The following symbols are used in the equations of
motion:
 u = initial velocity

 v = final velocity

 t = time

 a = acceleration

 s = displacement

 First equation of motion

a = (v - u) / t
at = v – u
v = u + at ----------------- (1)
 Equations of Motion
 Second equation of motion
Average velocity = (u + v ) / 2
Displacement = average velocity x time
S = [( v + u / 2 )] t
= [( u + u + at ) / 2] t
v = u + at S = ut + ½ at2 ---------------- (2)

 Third equation of motion

s = average velocity x time a = (v – u) / t
s = [(u + v) / 2] t
Substituting t = (v – u) / a
s = [(v + u) / 2] x [(v – u) / a]
= (v2 – u2) / 2a
2as = v2 – u2
v2 = u2 + 2as ---------------- (3)
 Equations of Motion
 Fourth equation of motion
s = average velocity x time
= [(u + v ) / 2] x t
s = ½ (u + v) t ----------------- (4)
 Example 17
A school bus accelerates with an acceleration of 4.0 ms-2
after picking up some students at a bus stop. Calculate the
(a) velocity,
(b) distance
travelled by the bus after 5 s.

Solution
(a) Initial velocity, u = 0 ms-1
Acceleration , a = 4.0 ms-2
Time, t = 5 s
Using equation (1)
v = u + at
= 0 + (4.0 x 5)
= 20.0 ms-1
 Example 17
Solution
(b) Using equation (2)
s = ut + ½ at2
= (0 x 5) + ( ½ x 4.0 x 52)
= 50.0 m
 Example 18
In the long jump event, Jerak was running at a velocity of
5ms-1 towards the long jump pit. He needed to achieve a
velocity of 10ms-1 s after covering a distance of 4.5 m before
lifting himself off the ground from the jumping board.

(a) Calculate the required acceleration for Jerak to do so.

(b) Calculate the time taken for him to cover the horizontal
distance of 4.5 m.
 Example 18
Solution
(a) Initial velocity, u = 5 ms-1
Final Velocity, v = 10 ms-1
s = 4.5 m
Using equation (3)
v2 = u2 + 2as
102 = 52 + (2 x a x 4.5)
a = 8.3 ms-2

(b) Using equation (4)

s = [(u + v) / 2] t
4.5 = [(5 + 10) / 2] x t
t = 0.6 s
 Example 19
A train is moving at a velocity of 25 m s-1, and it brakes with a
deceleration of 2 m s-2 before it stops. Find
(a) the time taken for the train to stop,
(b) the braking displacement of the train.

Solution:
Given u = 25 m s-1; v = 0 m s-1; a = –2 m s-2
(a) By v = u + at
0 = 25 + (-2) x t
Thus, t = 12.5 s
(b) By v2 = u2 + 2as
02 = 252 + 2 x (-2) x s
Thus, s = 156.25 m
 Example 20
A car is accelerated at 6 ms-2 from an initial velocity of 2 ms-1
for 10 seconds. What is
(a) the final velocity, and
(b) the distance moved?

Solution
Given a = 6 ms-2 , u = 2.0 ms-1, t =10 s
(a) Final velocity, v = u + at
= 2 + (6 x 10)
= 62 ms-1

(b) Distance moved, s = ut + ½ at2

=(2 x 10)+ ½ (6 x 102)
= 320 m
 Example 21
A driver travelling at a velocity of 108 kmh-1 notices a cow in
the middle of the road 80 m in front of him. On seeing the cow,
the driver instantly applies the brakes and is able to bring the
car to a stop after 6 seconds.
(a) What is the deceleration of the car?
(b) Calculate the distance travelled by the car from the time
the driver applies the brakes until it comes to a stop.
(c) Is the driver able to avoid knocking the cow?

Solution
Given u = 30 ms-1 , v = 0 ms-1, t = 6 s
(a) a = (v - u) / t
= (0 - 30) / 6
= -5 ms-2
 Example 21
Solution
Given u = 30 ms-1 , v = 0 ms-1, t = 6 s
(b) s = ut + ½at2
= (30 x 6) + ½ (-5 x62)
= 90m

(c) Since the car moved a distance of 90 m before it came to

a stop, the driver would not be able to avoid knocking down
the cow.
THE END