Who are these men?

In this lesson, we learned

about these men whose
quests for knowledge about
the fundamental nature of the
universe helped define our
views.
Ancient Greeks
Ideas on the Atom
 Brain Teaser #1
In 440 B.C.,
____________________ of Miletus
introduces the concept of the atom,
an indivisible unit of matter
 Brain Teaser #1
In 440 B.C., _LEUCIPPUS__of
Miletus introduces the concept of
the atom, an indivisible unit of
matter
 Brain Teaser #2
In 400 B.C., ___________________
of Abdera used the Greek word
atomos, which literally means
“uncuttable,” to describe the
ultimate particles of matter, particles
that could not be divided further.
 Brain Teaser #2
In 400 B.C., ___DEMOCRITUS___
of Abdera used the Greek word
atomos, which literally means
“uncuttable,” to describe the
ultimate particles of matter, particles
that could not be divided further.
 Brain Teaser #3
According to this Greek
Philosopher, any object can be
divided infinitely into smaller pieces.
 Brain Teaser #3
According to __ARISTOTLE__,
Greek Philosopher, any object can
be divided infinitely into smaller
pieces.
 The atomic
model has
changed
throughout the
centuries,
starting in 400
BC, when it
looked like a
billiard ball →
 Democritus 400 BC

 This is the Greek

philosopher Democritus
who began the search for
a description of matter
more than 2400 years
ago.
 He asked: Could
matter be divided into
smaller and smaller
pieces forever, or was
there a limit to the
number of times a
piece of matter could
be divided?
Atomos
 His theory: Matter could
not be divided into
smaller and smaller
pieces forever, eventually
the smallest possible
piece would be obtained.
 This piece would be
indivisible.
 He named the smallest
piece of matter “atomos,”
meaning “not to be cut.”
Atomos
 To Democritus, atoms
were small, hard
particles that were all
made of the same
material but were
different shapes and
sizes.
 Atoms were infinite in
number, always
moving and capable
of joining together.
 UNFORTUNATE EVENT

This theory was ignored and

forgotten for more than 2000
years!
 Why?

 The eminent philosophers of the

time, Aristotle and Plato, had a more
respected, (and ultimately wrong)
theory.
 Aristotle is more influential in the
scientific and religious community.
Ancient Greeks
Ideas on the Element
 Brain Teaser #4
In 5th century B.C., a Greek
Philosopher affirmed that “all matter
is comprised of four fundamental
elements or “roots” of matter
whereby two active & opposing
forces, love and hate, act upon
these elements.
 Brain Teaser #4
In 5th century B.C.,
__EMPEDOCLES__, a Greek
Philosopher affirmed that “all matter
is comprised of four fundamental
elements or “roots” of matter.
 Brain Teaser #5-8
Name Empedocle’s four
fundamental elements of matter.
 Brain Teaser #5-8
Name Empedocle’s four
fundamental elements of matter.

FIRE, EARTH, AIR, WATER

 EMPEDOCLES
(450 B.C.)
 Originator of the
cosmogenic theory of the
four classical elements –
earth, fire, air and water.
 Proposed the opposing
LOVE and STRIFE, which
would act as forces to
bring about the mixture
and separation of elements
 350 B.C. – Aristotle articulates
his theory of the Four
Elements, fire, water, earth,
and air
 360 B.C. – Plato coins term
‘elements’ and postulates that
the minute particle of each
element had a special
geometric shape – tetrahedron
for fire; octahedron for air;
icosahedron for water; and
cube for earth
Modern Chemistry Era

1661 to Present
Brain Teaser #47

The scientist who proposed the

modern atomic theory.
Brain Teaser #47

JOHN DALTON

The scientist who proposed the

modern atomic theory.
 Dalton’s Model
 In the early 1800s,
the English
Chemist John
Dalton performed a
number of
experiments that
eventually led to
the acceptance of
the idea of atoms.
5 Proposals of Dalton’s Atomic
Theory
 All elements are composed of tiny,
indivisible, indestructible particles
called atoms.
 All atoms of the same element are
identical and have the same
properties.
 Atoms of different elements are
different. (different properties)
 Compounds are formed by the
joining of atoms of two or more
elements.
 Compounds contain atoms in small,
whole number ratios.
 .
 In1808, this
theory
became one
of the
foundations
of modern
chemistry.
 Brain Teaser #48-50
About fifty years after Dalton’s proposal, there
was a disturbing evidence that the atom was not
indivisible. Identify this subatomic particles based
on their descriptions.
1. A subatomic particle having a charge of zero.
2. A subatomic particle having a negligible
mass and a relative charge of one minus.
3. A subatomic particle having an approximate
mass of 1 amu and a relative charge of one
plus.
 Brain Teaser #48-50
About fifty years after Dalton’s proposal, there
was a disturbing evidence that the atom was not
indivisible. Identify this subatomic particles based
on their descriptions.
1. Neutron (n0)
2. Electron (e-)
3. Proton (p+)
 William Crookes (1832 – 1919)
 An English chemist who showed in his Crookes
tube (a vacuum discharge tube) that there was
some kind of matter coming from the cathode
(negative electrode) which caused the greenish
glow from the glass in the anode (positive
electrode) These were called the Cathode
rays.
 CATHODE RAY – a stream of negative
particles produced in a cathode ray tube
 These results led to the theory that cathode
rays were composed of tiny, negatively
charged subatomic particles.
 These particles were named ELECTRONS.
 Elektron is Greek for amber, a material that
becomes charged when rubbed with fur.
 Crookes also discovered the element
thallium
Eugen Goldstein ( 1850 – 1930)
 Robert Millikan (1868 – 1953)
 An American Physicist who determined the
charge of a single electron through his famous
oil-drop experiment.
 It was found to be equal to -1.602 x 10-19
coulomb.
 Brain Teaser #51

Who is this English Physicist who

was given the credit of discovering
the electron.
 Brain Teaser #51
JOSEPH JOHN THOMSON

Who is this English Physicist who

was given the credit of discovering
the electron.
Joseph John Thomson (1856 –
1940)
 In 1897, he
demonstrated that
cathode rays are
deflected by an electric
field as well as by a
magnetic field
 he was given the credit of
discovering the electron.
 Thomson Model
Where did
they come
 This
surprised from?

Thomson,
because the
atoms of the gas
were uncharged.
Where had the
negative charges
come from?
Thomson concluded that the
negative charges came from within
the atom.

A particle smaller than an atom had

to exist.

The atom was divisible!

Thomson called the negatively
charged “corpuscles,” today known
as electrons.

Since the gas was known to be

neutral, having no charge, he
reasoned that there must be
positively charged particles in the
atom.

But he could never find them.

 Thomson Plum Pudding Model
 In 1903, Thomson
proposed a subatomic
model of the atom as a
sphere of positive charge
in which negatively
charged electrons were
embedded.
 Atoms were pictured as
homogeneous spheres of
positive charge analogous
to raisins in a plum
pudding.
 Brain Teaser #52

Who is this English Physicist who

discovered the protons and the
nucleus.
 Brain Teaser #52
Who is this English Physicist who
discovered the proton and the
nucleus.

Ernest Rutherford
Ernest Rutherford (1871 – 1937)
 The father of nuclear
physics.
 Discovered the alpha
and beta particles
(types of radiation)
 Discovered the
nucleus.
 Discovered the
protons
 Rutherford’s Atomic Model
 Rutherford atomic model, also
called nuclear atom or planetary
model of the atom, description of
the structure of atoms in 1911.
 The model described the atom as a tiny,
dense, positively charged core called a
nucleus, in which nearly all the mass is
concentrated, around which the light,
negative constituents, called electrons,
circulate at some distance, much like
planets revolving around the Sun.
 Rutherford’s Gold Foil
Experiment
 Rutherford’s experiment Involved firing a
stream of tiny positively charged particles
at a thin sheet of gold foil (2000 atoms
thick)
 Most of the positively charged “bullets” passed
right through the gold atoms in the sheet of gold
foil without changing course at all.
 Some of the positively charged “bullets,” however,
did bounce away from the gold sheet as if they
had hit something solid. He knew that positive
charges repel positive charges.
 This could only mean that the gold atoms in the
sheet were mostly open space. Atoms were not
a pudding filled with a positively charged
material.
 Rutherford concluded that an atom had a small,
dense, positively charged center that repelled
his positively charged “bullets.”
 He called the center of the atom the “nucleus”
 The nucleus is tiny compared to the atom as a
whole.
 Rutherford
 Rutherford reasoned that all of an atom’s positively
charged particles were contained in the nucleus.
The negatively charged particles were scattered
outside the nucleus around the atom’s edge.
 Brain Teaser #51

Who is this Danish scientist who

proposed that electrons move in
definite orbits around the nucleus
 Brain Teaser #51
Who is this Danish scientist who
proposed that electrons move in
definite orbits around the nucleus.

Niels Bohr
 Bohr Model
 In1913, the
Danish scientist
Niels Bohr
proposed an
improvement. In
his model, he
placed each
electron in a
specific energy
level.
Bohr Model
 According to Bohr’s
atomic model, electrons
move in definite orbits
around the nucleus,
much like planets circle
the sun. These orbits,
or energy levels, are
located at certain
distances from the
nucleus.
 ENERGY LEVEL – an orbit of specific
energy that electrons occupy at a fixed
distance from the nucleus.
 BOHR ATOM – a model of the atom that
pictures the electron circling the nucleus in
an orbit of specific energy.
 Brain Teaser #54

FACT OR BLUFF

Electrons with the lowest energy

are found in the outermost energy
levels, farther from the nucleus.
 Brain Teaser #54

BLUFF
Electrons with the lowest energy
are found in the outermost energy
levels, farther from the nucleus.
Wave Model
The Wave Model
 Today’s atomic
model is based on
the principles of
wave mechanics.
 According to the
theory of wave
mechanics,
electrons do not
move about an
atom in a definite
path, like the
planets around the
sun.
 The Wave Model
 In fact, it is impossible to determine the exact
location of an electron. The probable location of
an electron is based on how much energy the
electron has.
 According to the modern atomic model, at atom
has a small positively charged nucleus
surrounded by a large region in which there are
enough electrons to make an atom neutral.
 Electron Cloud:
 A space in which
electrons are likely to be
found.
 Electrons whirl about the
nucleus billions of times
in one second
 They are not moving
around in random
patterns.
 Location of electrons
depends upon how much
energy the electron has.
 Electron Cloud:

 Depending on their energy they are locked into a

certain area in the cloud.
 Electrons with the lowest energy are found in
the energy level closest to the nucleus
 Electrons with the highest energy are found
in the outermost energy levels, farther from
the nucleus.
 Indivisible Electron Nucleus Orbit Electron
Cloud
Greek X
Dalton X
Thomson X
Rutherford X X
Bohr X X X
Wave X X X