THEORIES OF URBAN PLANNING #Team6

OUTLINE:
1. The Utopia – Linear City
2. The Garden City
3. The Industrial City
4. The Modern City
5. The Neighborhood Unit
6. The The Transect, SmartCode
7. The The Urban-Suburban Conundrum, CPTED
 UTOPIA
Robert Owen , William Morris
Perfect "place" that has been designed so there are no problems

DEFINITION
 ABOUT:

• Concept: Utopianism Concept

• Book: A New View of Society: Or, Essays on
the Formation of Human Character, and the
Founder/Saleman

Robert Owen Application of the Principle to Practice (1813)

(1771 – 1858)
• "Eight hours labour, Eight hours recreation,
Eight hours rest.“
 ABOUT:

• Concept: Utopianism Concept

• Novels: The Well at the World’s End (1896),

Socialist/Poet/writer
News from Nowhere (1890)

William Morris • multiple biographies and studies of his work have

(1834 – 1896)
seen publication
 • The revolution of industry development
• Urbanization ,, imbalance between urban and rural
• Mutiple kinds of people , transport network becomes modern
• Spontaneous; depends on benefits
Reason • Organization using new sience technology archivement
formed • Populous , quality of habitat ,diseases
• Growth of City towards high up
• Affected by Utopianism , Capitalist society had been accused and
criticized ; at the same time , propose the solution and predict
excellently about society in the future.
THE CONCEPTS

Core Utopia principles:

NO PRIVATE
PROPERTY

EVERYTHING IS
COMMUNITY

SMALL AREAS
 UTOPIA CONCEPT IN PRACTICE

Utopia Burning Man Project Utopia

Thomas More in Festival in Yatch island by BMT
fiction book in 1516 American desert Nigel Gee
fisrt held in 1986
Utopia book of Thomas More
Map of Utopia in Utopia book of Thomas More
 POSSIBILITIES TO BE
APPLIED IN VIETNAM

This theory is mentioned and

developed in Urban Theories
nowadays, especially unit in new
urban area.
LINEAR CITY
Arturo Soria y Mata
 ABOUT:

• Concept: Linear city

• Famous for Ciudad Lineal of Madrid

Urban planner/Architect
• multiple biographies and studies of his work have

Arturo Soria y Mata seen publication

(1844-1920)
 Reason formed :
• Linear city purposes to archiving urban life close to nature
• Exploited Advantages of village form , at once connect morden

Reason technical condition into manufacturing and urban living.

• Create less populated suburbs
formed
• Perserve individualism
• Solve the problems of transport , make the trips between the
country and the city quicker
THE CONCEPTS

Core linear city principles:

CLOSE TO
NATURE

EASY AND QUICK

TO TRANSPORT

DIVISION OF
THE REGION
 LINEAR CITY CONCEPT IN PRACTICE

Ciudad Lineal Roadtown Obus

Arturo Soria y Mata in Edgar Chambless Le Corbusier in 1930
1890 in 1910
Map of Ciudad Lineal , district
in Madrid , Spain
Ciudad Lineal of Arturo Soria y Mata , Street section
Roadtown, outlining his idea for
a linear city built on top of a
railway line. "The idea occurred
to me to lay the modern
skyscraper on its side and run the
elevators and the pipes and
wires”
POSSIBILITIES TO BE
APPLIED IN VIETNAM

Urban planning in the chain and range has many advantages but also limitations such as:
- Urban sprawl is a major obstacle to construction, construction and management
- Since the early period of time, the width of the chain must be controlled
- Viet Nam is affected by the natural regulations of the spontaneous population places along the traffic
routes that affect the traffic safety situation.
Garden City
Ebenezer Howard
 ABOUT:

• Concept: The Garden city Concept

• Book written “garden city of tomorrow”

Architect/Planner
• Ideas of garden city by an impressive diagram
Ebenezer Howard of “three magnets”
(1850 – 1928)
• Letchworth, Wewyn and other city planned
Depict 3 magnets:
• 1. Advantages and disadvantages of
town life
• Advnatages and disadvantages of
country life
• Town-country life, incorparationg
advatantages of town and country
life
• Term means ‘a city in a garden ‘ or city of gardens’.

• By Garden cities and Town Planning Association,1919

“a garden city is a town designed for healthy living and industry; of a size that
makes possible a full measure of social life; but not larger ;surrounded by a
rural belt; the whole of the land being in public ownership or held in trust for
community”

DEFINITION
THE CONCEPTS
Core garden city principles:

STRONG COMMUNITY

ORDERED DEVELOPMENT

ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY
These were to be achieved by: •Unified ownership of land to prevent individual land.

•Speculation and maximize community benefits.

Careful planning to provide generous living and working

space while maintaining natural qualities.

•Social mix and good community facilities.

•Limit to growth of each garden city.

•Local participation in decision about development

CONCEPTUAL LAYOUT
• Circular city growing in a radial manner or
pattern.

• Divided into six equal wards, by six main

Boulevards that radiated from the central
park/garden.

• Civic institutions (Town Hall, Library, Hospital,

Theatre, Museum etc. ) are placed around the
central garden.
• The central park enclosed by a crystal palace acts as an arcade
for indoor shops and winter gardens.

• The streets for houses are formed by a series of concentric

ringed tree lined avenues.

• Distance between each ring vary between 3-5km.

• A 420 feet wide , 3 mile long, Grand avenue which run in the
center of concentric rings , houses the schools and churches and
acts as a continuous public park.
• All the industries, factories and
warehouses were placed at the peripheral
ring of the city.

• The municipal railway was placed in

another ring closer to the industrial ring ,
so that the pressure of excess transport on
the city streets are reduced and the city is
connected to the rest of the nation.
 GARDEN CITY CONCEPT IN PRACTICE

Letchworth Welwyn Radburn City

Raymond Unwin and Louis de Soissons and Clarence
Barry Parker in 1903. Frederic Osborn in 1920 Stein and Henry Wright in
1928.
LETCHWORTH
• Letchworth, officially Letchworth
Garden City, is a town in
Hertfordshire, England, with a
population of 33,600
• It was designed by Raymond
Unwin and Barry Parker.
An analysis:
• Letch worth – 35 miles from
London. • Land of 3822 acres
• Reserved Green belt- 1300 acres
• Designed for a maximum of 35000 population
• In 30 years – developed with 15000 population & 150
shops, industries
 In Vietnam
Greenbelts allow for lowering of population densities in the
inner city, and the building of circumferential highways to divert
traffic from the core
Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City concept shows us a place where genuine
urban activities are carried at human scale.
• The garden city introduced the use of greenbelts that have served many uses
including the preservation of agricultural and rural life, nature and heritage
conservation, recreation, pollution minimization, and growth management.
• Garden city tradition endowed urban planning with a social and community
dimensions.
• The garden city idea however, showed how both industrial estates and
collective retailing spaces could be used within a comprehensive planning
approach to serve public purposes.
INDUSTRIAL CITY
Tony Garnier
1. AUTHOR BIOGRAGY
Tony Garnier known as such as a building in the architecture and urban plan

Tony Garnier was a French Garnier studied at the

architect born in Lyons in École des Beaux-Arts in
1869 Paris

Tony Garnier was the one of the Lyons was an industrial centre for
pioneers of the modern textiles and metallurgy- the two
architecture in terms of material industries catered for by Garnier s
proposal for his industrial city
 The way to form the theory

1901
Won the prix de Rome However, the École 1904
competition and was refused to exhibit the Garnier continued to
sent to the French 1901 work and instead work on his proposal 1917
Academy at the Villa Garnier sent back the insisted that Garnier alongside more published Une Cite
Medici. It was here proposal to the École produce the work on traditional work and Industrielle
where Garnier started classical and was eventually able to
to formulate his renaissance architecture exhibit his work
proposal for the Cité
2. REASON
The industrial revolution had the effect of
bringing more and more people from the
The notion of zoning- a
countryside into the heart of the city looking
for work
major concept of urban
planning at this time

By the end of 19th century

Some urban
the theory of urbanism had
planners worked
expanded far beyond the
Such dramatic overpopulation and on urban
unitarian and geographical
unrestricted urban growth led to slum planning and one
concerns to include the total
housing, dirty, disease and a lack of of them was the
communal green spaces within the regional context in which
Tony Garnier
city landscape the city was situated
 3. THEORETICAL CONTENT
Tony Garnier's Une Cite
Industrialle is one of the most
comprehensive ideal plans of all
time
Published in 1917, it is not only
an outstanding contribution to
architectural and planning
theories but also a sensitive
expression of thought and
cultural conditions of its day
As a bridge between nineteenth
and twentieth century planning
and between academic and
non-academic theories and
techniques
Michael Stacy.
Dora Wiebenson's framing of
the book focused on the Cite’ s
lesser-known role as a product
of its cultural context
1. an industrial city for approx 35,000 inhabitants situated
on a area in southeast France on a plateau with high land
and a lake to the north, a valley and river to the south

CONCEPT
2. Placed in a park like setting where both the
classical spirit of the academic tradition and the
primitive simplicity of utopian ideas is demonstrated
CONCEPT
3. The city of labor divided into 4
main functions:
Work
Housing
The various functions of the
Health 4. The public area at the heart of
city were clearly related, but
Leisure separated from each other by
the city was grouped into 3
sections: Administrative
location and patterns
services Assembly
halls
Muesum collections
Sports facilities.
 5. The residential area is made up of
rectangular blocks running east-west which
gives the city its characteristic elongated
form

CONCEPT
5. Garnier had energy efficiency in mind as
the city was to be powered by a
hydroelectric station with a dam which was
located in the mountains along with the
hospital
7. The city was completed by a railroad
d station to the east

CONCEPT
5. IMPLEMENT THE THEORY
CONCLUSIONS:
Garnier’ s
industrial city was This is not to say that Garnier's vision of urban
Tony’ s
industrial city is never utopia is neither important nor successful. Much
one of the most of what he proposed is at the least relevant today
comprehensive built, but he and there is no doubt that at the time someone
idea plans of contributed to the
all time further planners with Garnier's vision was required to propose
such as Le
Corbusier what he saw as a solution to the problems that
faced society at that time
MORDERN CITY
Le Corbusier
1. AUTHOR BIOGRAGY
Le Corbusier

Born in a small town in Lyons was an industrial

Neuchâtel in the northern centre for textiles and
part of Switzerland metallurgy- the two
6/10/1887- 27/8/1965 industries catered for by
Garnier s proposal for his
industrial city

He came from a family of

Was a Swiss architect
watchmakers
2. REASON

Worldwide explosion

Developmental science
Industrial development Trends,
massively, industrialization of
environmental construction
Cars and vehicles pollution, lack of New urban planning
develop and dominate workers model, new
accommodation construction
3. CONCEPT
1. Le Corbusier argues that traditional urban patterns are
no longer appropriate as cities grow larger and cramped

2. Cramping can be solved, surprisingly, by increasing the

land use ratio by increasing the height of the building

Le Corbusier, with the idea of high-rise residential and

urban rail systems, proposed a uniform distribution
across the city instead of focusing solely on the center as
before

4. This new urban form, Le Corbusier argues, will not only

reduce the pressure on the downtown area, but also disperse
traffic throughout the city instead of concentrating on the
centerline system.
 4. THEORICAL CONTENT

La Ville contemporaine City for Three Million La Ville radieuse

1922 1922 1933

Note: “ La Ville contemporaine“ : The contemporary city

“ La Ville radieuse” : The radiant city
 La Ville contemporaine

The center of a large city should

The project center is It will open a future consist mainly of skyscrapers -
a cluster of 60-story with sunlight, fresh air exclusively for commercial use -
skyscrapers built on and greenery for and that the area occupied by
steel frames and residential areas these may not be larger than
housed in giant glass 5%, the remaining 95% must is
walls a green park
He criticized the current anarchist chaos, wanting to build a rule-based,
orderly, mass-building policy, and industrialization

The plan illustrates Le Corbusier's Bright City

City for Three Million
Focus on the rational Surrounding this area is a
relationship between residential area with high
traffic with production This model was tested
density of trees
areas and residential in Paris, applying the
areas concept of the
relationship between In the same area as the
Is a large rectangle the building and the courtyard
environment

In the middle of the city

center is a large 350 Industrial parks,
hectares of work, service townships and gardens
with 24 skyscrapers 66 are located at the
floors periphery
City for Three Million
He criticized the current chaotic anarchic
construction style
Want to make a ruleful, orderly,
masterful way
Construction of a series,
industrialization

CONCLUSIONS
However, Le Courbusier's modern
theoretical model of the modern city
remains theoretically only on drawings
that have been made but are unworkable,
which precedes modern cities. develop
later
IMPLEMENT THE THEORY

Le Corbusier
applied his strict
zoning system and
In 1949 designed the
Chandigarh, the central Capitol
first planned city Complex,
in liberated India consisting of the
High Court, the
Legislative
Assembly, and the
Secretariat
 IMPLEMENT THE THEORY

Brazil’s capital, Brasilia,

which was constructed on
a vacant site provided by
the President of
designed a perfectly Hoped to create a city that
geometrically ordered materialized equality and
city that segregated the justice
monumental administration
zones and the identical
housing districts, owned
entirely by the governmen
IMPLEMENT THE THEORY

contained 337 apartments in

a single building, along with
public facilities on the roof
and ground floor.
In 1947, Le In the years that followed,
Corbusier designed four similar buildings were
the Unité erected in France and
d'Habitation in Germany. This typology,
Marseille which provided an answer to
the Post-War housing
shortage, was further
adapted around the world in
countless housing projects
Nevertheless, the idea of proposing
order through careful planning is as
relevant now as when Le Corbusier first
published The Radiant City. Issues of
healthy living, traffic, noise, public
space and transportation, which Le
Corbusier - unlike any architect before 6. CONCLUSIONS
him - addressed holistically, continue to
be a major concern of city planners
today
NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT
Clarence Perry – E.Gloeden
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY
Clarence Perry
Clarence Arthur Perry (1872 – Sept 6, 1944) was an American planner,
sociologist, author, and educator. He was born in Truxton, New York.

He produced several books, many pamphlets and articles

though is best remembered for his “The Neighborhood
Unit,” Monograph One. Vol. 7

Clarence Arthur Perry (1872 – Sept 6, 1944)

REASON

Clarence Perry’s conceptualisation of the neighbourhood unit evolved out of

an earlier idea of his, to provide a planning formula for the arrangement and
distribution of playgrounds in the New York region.

The necessity for a formula such as this was attributed to the rise of the auto-
mobile in the early 20th century.
CONCEPT The neighbourhood unit was conceived of as a
comprehensive physical planning tool, to be utilised for
designing self-contained residential
neighbourhoods which promoted a community centric
lifestyle, away from the "noise of the trains, and out of
sight of the smoke and ugliness of industrial plants"
emblematic of an industrialising New York City in the early
1900s

A diagram of Clarence Perry's neighbourhood unit,

illustrating the spatiality of the core principles of
the concept, from the New York Regional Survey,
Vol 7. 1929
CONTENT
in the neighbourhood so that a child's walk to school was only about one-
Centre the school quarter of a mile and no more than one half mile

Place arterial streets along the so that they define and distinguish the "place" of the neighborhood and by design
perimeter eliminate unwanted through-traffic from the neighborhood

Design internal streets using a hierarchy that easily distinguishes local streets from arterial streets, using
curvilinear street design for both safety and aesthetic purposes

Restrict local shopping areas to or perhaps to the main entrance of the neighborhood, thus excluding nonlocal
traffic destined for these commercial uses that might intrude on the
the perimeter neighborhood.

Dedicate at least 10 percent of the

neighborhood land area to parks and open creating places for play and community interaction
space,
APPLICATION
The use of the ‘neighbourhood unit’ in this way emphasises exclusion rather than inclusion
as initially intended.

Traces of the exclusion remain evident within the streetscape of neighbourhoods such as
Forest Hill Gardens with signs delineating the ownership of commonly considered public
space
APPLICATION

the neighborhood unit can application to Viet Nam because content of

the neighborhood unit suit for urban of vietnam it community
idealism, and many of the public sectors in those countries which were
exposed to the theorem have since adopted its purpose; of protecting and
promoting the public health and of considering the safety and welfare of
citizens
ZONING Zoning is the process of dividing land in a municipality into zones in which certain land uses are permitted or prohibited .

Euclid zoning Performance zoning

Land uses were divided into residential, commercial performance zoning uses performance-based or
and industrial areas, now referred to as zones or goal-oriented criteria to establish review
zoning districts in cities. parameters for proposed development projects.

ZON
ING

Incentive zoning Form – base zoning

One of the newer interpretations of land-use planning, Form-Based
Incentive zoning uses Euclidean zoning as a baseline. incentive zoning zoning regulates development by focusing on the scale, design, and
enables projects to exceed standard requirements if they provide some placement of buildings, paying particular attention to their
form of benefit to the local community. relationship with the street (or other public spaces).
SMART CODE
Duany Plater-Zyberk
 Andrés Duany
DESCRIPTION
(born September 7, 1949) is
an American architect, an urban
planner, and a founder of
the Congress for the New
Urbanism.
Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk
DESCRIPTION
(born December 20, 1950 in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania) is
an American architect and urban planner of Polish-Livonian aristocratic roots
based in Miami, Florida. She received her undergraduate degree
in architecture and urban planning from Princeton and her master's degree in
architecture from the Yale School of Architecture.
 In the planning, American use two types:
comprehensive plan and zoning

Zoning has separated residential areas from all other kinds of land use has
potentially caused pollution. Factors such as noise, dust, vibration, air pollution or
source water pollution are stoppped in order not to affect the residential area

It separates completely different types of land use, leading to the dissociation of

various social activities, the formation of boring urban and less livable.

Reform planning laws based on sustainable development and conservation of

natural landscapes and reduce isolation in land use. Smartcode proposed by
Andrés Duany is one o f those efforts.

_The transect is used to represent a sequence of environment. In the

human habitat, this section is used to identify a set of residences that
differ in urban level and density, a continuous environment that extends
from rural to urban areas.
_ SMARTCODE is a model form-based unified land development
ordinance designed to create walkable neighborhoods across the full
spectrum of human settlement, from the most rural to the most urban,
incorporating a transect of character and intensity within each
 The Transect has six zones, moving from rural to urban. T1 is a zone with the most
rural features , while T6 is the most precisely urban zone

T1. NATURAL ZONE: protected areas in perpetuity.

T2. RURAL ZONE : areas of high environmental or scenic quality that are not currently preserved, but perhaps should
be.
T3. SUB-URBAN ZONE : The Edge is primarily single family homes. Although Edge is the most purely residential zone, it can have some
mixed-use, such as civic buildings (schools are particularly appropriate for the Edge).

T4. GENERAL URBAN ZONE : the largest zone in most neighborhoods. General is primarily residential, but more urban in character
(somewhat higher density with a mix of housing types and a slightly greater mix of uses allowed).
T5. URBAN CENTER ZONE : this can be a small neighborhood center or a larger town center, the latter
serving more than one neighborhood.

With the advantage of

later followers,
Vietnam's planning can
be sorted out carefully
T6. URBAN CORE ZONE : serving the region — typically a central business
district). Core is the most urban zone. good things from the
planning system of
countries. Among
systems, Smartcode is
worthy of learning.
THE URBAN – SUBURBAN CONUNDRUM
CPETD – Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design

Léon Krier
 ABOUT:

- The principle behind Krier’s writings has been to explain

the rational foundations of architecture and the city, stating
that “In the language of symbols, there can exist no

Architect/Architectural
misunderstanding”.
theorist/Planner
- Study architecture at the University of
Léon Krier
(born 7 April 1946 Stuttgart.Collaboration with James Stirling in London
in Luxembourg)
- Jefferson Professor, University of Virginia, 1982.
 ABOUT:
- Advising His Majesty, Charles, Prince of Wales, since
1988.
- Prof. Davenport, Yale University, 1990-1991.

Architect/Architectural
- Artistic director and designer for furniture designer
theorist/Planner
Giorgetti, Italy, 1990-present. Prof. Eero Saarinen, Yale
Léon Krier
(born 7 April 1946 University, 2002.
in Luxembourg)
- Founding Member of the Institute of Traditional
Architecture and Urbanism, Charleston, 2002.
 Awards and Special Prizes:
- Berlin Prize for Architecture, 1977.
- Personal exhibition at the Museum of Modern
Art, New York, 1985.
- Jefferson Memorial Gold Medal, 1985.
- Chicago Institute of Architecture Award, 1987.
Awards and Special Prizes:

- European Cultural Awards, 1995. Silver Medal

awarded by the Académie Française for his
Architecture: Choice or Fate, 1997.
- Personal exhibition: "Interior design, architecture
for new cities", Bremen, 1999.
- Driehaus Award for Classic and Traditional
Architecture, 2003.
- The Athena Order of the Congress for New
Urbanism, 2006.
 THEORETICAL CONTENT

One of the most boldly dissenting voices of our time, architectural and urban
theorist Léon Krier has throughout his career rejected the commonly accepted
practices of Modernist Urbanism, and helped to shape the ideals of the New
Urbanism movement.

Through his publications and city designs, Krier has changed the discourse of what
makes a city successful and returned importance to the concept of community.
THEORETICAL CONTENT

Krier’s vision of the True City

 THEORETICAL CONTENT
Architectural language sprouts from empirical
practice or proceeds from intentional design,’ says
Krier of this drawing. ‘It cannot develop in
functionally zoned territories nor flourish in
excessive urban concentrations or suburban
dilutions’
PRACTICAL APPLICATION
 CPTED - Crime prevention through
environmental design
- Multi-disciplinary approach to deterring criminal behavior through
environmental design.
- CPTED strategies rely upon the ability to influence offender decisions that precede
criminal acts.
- Generally speaking, most implementations of CPTED occur solely within the
urbanized, built environment.
- Specifically altering the physical design of the communities in which humans
reside and congregate in order to deter criminal activity is the main goal of
CPTED.
CPTED - Crime prevention through
environmental design
- CPTED principles of design affect elements of the built
environment ranging from the small-scale (such as the strategic
use of shrubbery and other vegetation) to the overarching,
including building form of an entire urban neighborhood and the
amount of opportunity for "eyes on the street".
THANK YOU!
Enjoy & Good Luck