BIOLOGY

Chapter 47: pp. 889 - 907 10th Edition

Conservation of

Sylvia S. Mader
Biodiversity
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

bald eagle kokanee salmon ( ´1 ,000)

150 bald eagles ( ´7)
opossum shrimp (per m2)

100
Number

50

grizzly bear
0
1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989
Year
Introduction of Opossum Shirmp

kokanee salmon zooplankton

opossum shrimp
(Mysis relicta)

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor 1
Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
Outline
 Conservation Biology & Biodiversity
 Extinction Rates
 Value of Biodiversity
 Direct Value
 Indirect Value
 Causes of Extinction
 Habitat Loss
 Alien Species
 Pollution
 Overexploitation
 Conservation Techniques

2
Conservation Biology and
Biodiversity
 Considers all aspects of biodiversity
 General goal is conserving natural resources
for this and future generations
 Primary goal is the management of biodiversity
for sustainable use by humans

3
Conservation Biology and
Biodiversity
 Conservation biology supports certain
ethical principles
 Biodiversity is desirable for the biosphere and
therefore for humans
 Extinctions due to human actions are
undesirable
 Complex interactions in ecosystems support
biodiversity and are desirable
 Biodiversity brought about by evolutionary
change has value in and of itself
4
Biodiversity
 At its simplest level, biodiversity is the
variety of species on Earth
 Estimated that between 10 and 50 million
species currently exist
 Genetic diversity refers to variations among
the members of a population
 Ecosystem diversity is dependent on
interactions of species in a particular area
 Landscape diversity involves a group of
interacting ecosystems
5
Number of Described Species
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

plants 240,000

fungi 63,665

bacteria and
insects 900,000 archaea 5,000
animals 280,000 protists 55,000

6
Eagles and Bears Feed
on Spawning Salmon
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

bald eagle kokanee salmon ( ´1 ,000)

150 bald eagles ( ´7)
opossum shrimp (per m2)

100

Number

50

grizzly bear
0
1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989
Year
Introduction of Opossum Shirmp

kokanee salmon zooplankton

opossum shrimp
(Mysis relicta)

7
Distribution of Biodiversity

 Biodiversity is not evenly distributed

throughout the biosphere
 Biodiversity is highest at the tropics
 Biodiversity hotspots
 Contain about 44% of known higher plant
species and 35% of terrestrial vertebrate
species
 Represent only about 1.4% of earth’s land area

8
Value of Biodiversity
 Direct Value
 Medicinal Value
 Agricultural Value
 Crops
 Biological Pest Controls

 Pollinators

 Consumptive Use Value

 Wood
 Skins

 Wild fruits and vegetables

 Hunting and fishing

9
Direct Value of Wildlife

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Wild species, like the rosy periwinkle, Wild species, like many marine species, Wild species, like the lesser long-nosed bat, Leptonycteris curasoae, Wild species, like rubber trees, Hevea, can provide a
Catharanthus roseus, are sources of many medicines. provide us with food. are pollinators of agricultural and other plants. product indefinitely if the forest is not destroyed.

Wild species, like the nine-banded armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus,

play a role in medical research.

Wild species, like ladybugs, Coccinella, play a

role in biological control of agricultural pests.

(Periwinkle): © Kevin Schaefer/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (Armadillo): © John Cancalosi/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (Fishermen): © Herve Donnezan/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Rubber harvest): © Bryn Campbell/Stone/Getty; (Bat): © Merlin D. Tuttle/Bat Conservation International; (Ladybug): © Anthony Mercieca/Photo Researchers, Inc.

10
Value of Biodiversity

 Indirect Value
 Biogeochemical Cycles
 Waste Disposal

 Provision of Fresh Water

 Prevention of Soil Erosion

 Regulation of Climate

 Ecotourism

11
Indirect Value of Ecosystems
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

b.

3.0

Rate of Photosynthesis
2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0
1 2 4 8 16
Number of Plant Species
a. c.
a: © William Smithey, Jr.; b: © Don and Pat Valenti/DRK Photo

12
Causes of Extinction

 Habitat Loss
 Occurs in all ecosystems
 Recent concern focuses on tropical rain forests
and coral reefs
 Habitat Fragmentation

13
Habitat Loss
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Roads cut through forest

Habitat Loss

Exotic Species

Pollution

Overexploitation Forest occurs in patches

Disease

0 20 40 60 80 100
a. Threats to % Species
wildlife Affected by Threat

b. Macaws on salt lick

Destroyed areas
c. Wildlife habitat is reduced.
b: © Gunter Ziesler/Peter Arnold, Inc.; c: Courtesy Woods Hole Research Center; d: Courtesy R.O. Bierregaard;
e: Courtesy Thomas Stone, Woods Hole Research Center

14
Exotic Species

 Nonnative species that migrate, or are

introduced, into a new ecosystem
 Avenues of Human Introduction
 Colonization
 Horticulture and Agriculture

 Accidental Transport

15
Alien Species

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

a. b.
a: © Chuck Pratt/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; b: © Chris Johns/National Geographic Image Collection

16
Pollution

 Any environmental change that adversely

affects living things
 Acid Deposition
 Eutrophication

 Ozone Depletion

 Organic Chemicals

 Global Warming

17
Global Warming
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

5.5

Mean Global Temperature Change (°C)

5.0
maximum likely increase
4.5
4.0
most probable temperature
3.5
for a twofold increase in CO2
3.0
2.5
2.0
minimum likely increase
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
–0.5

1860 1900 1940 1980 2020 2060 2100

Year

a.

b.
b: Courtesy Walter C. Jaap/Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission

18
Overexploitation

 The number of individuals taken from the

population is so great that the population
becomes severely reduced in numbers
 Positive feedback cycle
 The market forces driving overexploitation:
 Exotic Pets
 Poaching

 Overfishing

19
Trawling
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

a. Fishing by use of a drag net

b. Result of drag net fishing

a: © Shane Moore/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; b: © Peter Auster/University of Connecticut

20
Conservation Techniques

 Habitat Preservation
 Keystone Species
 Metapopulations
 Small populations isolated because of habitat
fragmentation
 Source Populations
 Sink Populations

21
Habitat Preservation
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a. Grizzly bear, Ursus arctos horribilis

b. Old-growth forest; northern

spotted owl, Strix occidentalis
caurina (inset)

a: © Gerard Lacz/Peter Arnold, Inc.; b(Forest): © Art Wolfe/Artwolfe.com; b(Owl): © Pat & Tom Leeson/Photo Researchers, Inc.

22
Conservation Techniques

 Landscape Preservation
 Landscape protection for one species benefits
other wildlife in the same space
 The Edge Effect
 The edge around a patch of habitat has
conditions different from the patch interior
 An edge reduces the amount of habitat typical
for an ecosystem

23
Edge Effect

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

30.55%
increasing percentage of
patch influenced by edge effects

43.75%

64%
brown-headed
88.8% cowbird chick
habitat patch
area subject yellow warbler
to edge effect chick
a.

b.

b: © Jeff Foott Productions

24
Conservation Techniques
 Habitat Restoration
 Restoration ecology seeks scientific ways to
return ecosystems to their state prior to
habitate degradation
 Three Principles of restoration ecology
 Begin as soon as possible before remaining
fragments are lost
 Once natural history is understood, use
biological techniques to mimic natural
processes
 Goal is sustainable development

25
Restoration of the Everglades
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Tampa ATLANTIC
OCEAN

Original
watershed
boundary

75

Lake
Okeechobee
95
West
Palm Beach

B
Florida panther, Puma concolor coryi
C C
Historic
Everglades
Fort
Lauderdale
Naples
75

Miami
Ten
Thousand
Islands
Everglades
National Park

Slough
T aylor
Gulf of
Mexico D American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis

Florida
Bay
0 15 30 miles

a. Location of Everglades National Park (purple)

White ibis, Eudocimus albus Roseate spoonbill, Ajaia ajaja

Wood stork, Mycteria americana

b. Wildlife in Everglades
(Panther): © Tom & Pat Leeson/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Alligator): © Fritz Polking/Visuals Unlimited;
(Ibis): © Stephen G. Maka; 47.11(Spoonbill): © Kim Heacox/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (Stork): © Millard H. Sharp/Photo Researchers, Inc

26
Review
 Conservation Biology & Biodiversity
 Extinction Rates
 Value of Biodiversity
 Direct Value
 Indirect Value
 Causes of Extinction
 Habitat Loss
 Alien Species
 Pollution
 Overexploitation
 Conservation Techniques

27
 BIOLOGY
Chapter 47: pp. 889 - 907 10th Edition

Conservation of

Sylvia S. Mader
Biodiversity
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

bald eagle kokanee salmon ( ´1 ,000)

150 bald eagles ( ´7)
opossum shrimp (per m2)

100
Number

50

grizzly bear
0
1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989
Year
Introduction of Opossum Shirmp

kokanee salmon zooplankton

opossum shrimp
(Mysis relicta)

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor 28
Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display