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MATHEMATICS I
MODULE 12:
FORCES IN BEAMS
2-1
Introduction
• The current chapter is concerned with determining the
internal forces (i.e., tension/compression, shear, and
bending) which hold together the various parts of a
given member.
• Focus is on two important types of engineering
structures:
a) Beams - usually long, straight, prismatic members
designed to support loads applied at various
points along the member.
b) Cables - flexible members capable of withstanding
only tension, designed to support concentrated or
distributed loads.
7- 2
Internal Forces in Members
• Straight two-force member AB is in
equilibrium under application of F and
-F.
7- 4
Sample Problem 1
SOLUTION:
• Compute reactions and connection forces.
ME 0:
2400 N 3.6 m F 4.8 m 0 F 1800 N
Fy 0 :
2400 N 1800 N E y 0 E y 600 N
Fx 0 : Ex 0
7- 5
Sample Problem 1
Consider member BCD as free-body:
MB 0:
2400 N 3.6 m C y 2.4 m 0 C y 3600 N
MC 0 :
2400 N 1.2 m B y 2.4 m 0 B y 1200 N
Fx 0 : Bx C x 0
MA 0: Bx 2.4 m 0 Bx 0
Fx 0 : Bx Ax 0 Ax 0
Fy 0 : Ay B y 600 N 0 Ay 1800 N
Fx 0 : Bx C x 0 Cx 0
7- 6
Sample Problem 1
• Cut member ACF at J. The internal forces at J are
represented by equivalent force-couple system.
MJ 0:
1800 N 1.2 m M 0 M 2160 N m
Fx 0 :
F 1800 N cos 41.7 0 F 1344 N
Fy 0 :
V 1800 N sin 41.7 0 V 1197 N
7- 7
Sample Problem 1
• Cut member BCD at K. Determine a force-couple
system equivalent to internal forces at K .
MK 0:
1200 N 1.5 m M 0 M 1800 N m
Fx 0 : F 0
Fy 0 :
1200 N V 0 V 1200 N
7- 8
Various Types of Beam Loading and
Support
• Beam - structural member designed to support loads
applied at various points along its length.
7- 9
Various Types of Beam Loading and
Support
7- 11
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams
• Variation of shear and bending
moment along beam may be
plotted.
7- 12
Sample Problem 2
SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a free-body,
calculate reactions at B and D.
7- 13
Sample Problem 2
SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a free-body, calculate reactions at
B and D.
M 2 0 : 20 kN 0 m M 1 0 M1 0
Similarly,
V3 26 kN M 3 50 kN m
V4 26 kN M 4 50 kN m
V5 26 kN M 5 50 kN m
V6 26 kN M 6 50 kN m
7- 14
Sample Problem 2
• Plot results.
Note that shear is of constant value
between concentrated loads and
bending moment varies linearly.
7- 15
Sample Problem 3
SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as free-body, calculate
reactions at A and B.
7- 16
Sample Problem 3
SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a free-body, calculate reactions
at A and B.
MA 0:
B y 32 in. 480 lb6 in. 400 lb22 in. 0
B y 365lb
MB 0:
480 lb 26 in. 400 lb 10 in. A32 in. 0
A 515 lb
Fx 0 : Bx 0
From A to C:
Fy 0 : 515 40 x V 0
V 515 40 x
M1 0 :
515 x 40 x 12 x M 0
M 515x 20x 2
From C to D:
Fy 0 : 515 480 V 0
V 35 lb
M 2 0 : 515 x 480 x 6 M 0
M 2880 35 x lb in.
7- 18
Sample Problem 3
• Evaluate equivalent internal force-couple systems at
sections cut within segments AC, CD, and DB.
From D to B:
M2 0:
515 x 480 x 6 1600 400 x 18 M 0
M 11,680 365 x lb in.
7- 19
Sample Problem 3
• Plot results.
From A to C:
V 515 40 x
M 515x 20x 2
From C to D:
V 35 lb
M 2880 35 x lb in.
From D to B:
V 365 lb
M 11,680 365 x lb in.
7- 20
Relations Among Load, Shear, and
Bending Moment
• Relations between load and shear:
V V V wx 0
dV V
lim w
dx x 0 x
xD
VD VC w dx area under load curve
xC
M M M Vx wx x 0
2
dM
lim
M
lim V 12 wx V
dx x0 x x0
xD
M D M C V dx area under shear curve
xC
7- 21
Relations Among Load, Shear, and
Bending Moment
wL
• Reactions at supports, R A RB
2
• Shear curve,
x
V V A w dx wx
0
wL L
V V A wx wx w x
2 2
• Moment curve,
x
M M A Vdx
0
x
L w
M w x dx L x x 2
0 2 2
wL2 dM
M max M at V 0
8 dx
7- 22
Sample Problem 4
SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a free-body, determine
reactions at supports.
7- 23
Sample Problem 4
SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a free-body, determine
reactions at supports.
MA 0:
D24 ft 20 kips 6 ft 12 kips 14 ft
12 kips 28 ft 0
D 26 kips
F y 0 :
Ay 20 kips 12 kips 26 kips 12 kips 0
Ay 18 kips
7- 25
Sample Problem 5
SOLUTION:
• The change in shear between A and B is equal to
the negative of area under load curve between
points. The linear load curve results in a parabolic
shear curve.
7- 26
Sample Problem 5
SOLUTION:
• The change in shear between A and B is equal to
negative of area under load curve between points. The
linear load curve results in a parabolic shear curve.
dV
at A, V A 0, w w0
dx
VB V A 12 w0 a VB 12 w0 a
dV
at B, w 0
dx
• With zero load, change in shear between B and C is zero.
7- 27
Sample Problem 5
• The change in moment between A and B is equal to
area under shear curve between the points. The
parabolic shear curve results in a cubic moment
curve.
dM
at A, M A 0, V 0
dx
M B M A 13 w0 a 2 M B 13 w0 a 2
M C M B 12 w0 a L a M C 16 w0 a3L a
7- 28