INTRODUCTION TO

CRIMINOLOGY

PCpl PAUL LEVIS A

CRIMINOLOGY DEFINED
Broadest Sense
Is the entire body of knowledge regarding crime
and criminals and the efforts of society to repress
and prevent commission of crime. It includes
within its scope.

a. The making of laws

b. Breaking of laws and
c. Reacting towards the breaking of laws
CRIMINOLOGY DEFINED
Narrowest Sense
Is the scientific study of crimes and criminals.

This scientific study is extended only on three basis lines

and they are:
1.Sociology of Law- investigating the nature of criminal
law and its administration
2.Etymology of crime- Analysis of the causation of crimes
and behavior of criminals
3.Penology- study of the control of crimes and the
rehabilitation of offenders
 Triad of Crime
(Universal Elements of Crime)
Capability
Desire (Instrument
(Motive) s)

CRIM
E

Opportunit
y
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 Nature of Crime
“
1. Crime Mala in Se

2. Crime Mala in Prohibita

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“
Crime Mala in Se – acts
which by nature are
wrongful or sinful, e.g.
murder, rape, theft, arson,
estafa, etc.

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“
Crime Mala in Prohibita –
are acts made wrongful
and punished only by
special laws, e.g.
violations of PD 1866, PD
1612, BP 22, PD 825, etc.

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 Legal Classification of
Crimes
• Felonies – are acts punished by the
RPC.
• Offenses – are acts punished by
special laws.
• Infractions of Laws – are acts
punished by city/municipal
ordinances.
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 Crime and Deviance
• Deviance – is behavior departing
from social norms
• Crime - is conduct violating law &
subject to punishment
 Not all criminal acts are deviant
(ex. Prohibition)
 Not all deviant acts are criminal

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Crime and Deviance

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Two Main Theories of Crime
Causation
• Classical Theory - That man is essentially a moral
creature who is capable of thinking (rationality) that he
fully knows the consequences of his acts (full
responsibility)
– That people have freewill to choose between
normal or criminal conduct and behaviors.
- That crimes are committed for grid or personal need
and satisfactions and crime can be controlled by
fear of criminal punishment and sanctions.
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 Two Main Theories of Crime
Causation

• Positivists - That crime is not the

product of freewill because
criminals were driven to commit
crime because of conditions in
their lives.
 Classical Theory Positivist Theory
Philosophy Focuses on the act, not the Focuses on the actor, not the act
actor
View of human • People have free will • Assumes that there is a distinction
behavior • People are rational and between the normal and the
calculated deviant.
• People act out of self-interest • Attempts to study the specific
factors that give rise to deviant or
criminal behavior
• Defines crime as a natural
phenomenon.
• Focuses on the pathology of the
offender

Origins: Sheldons somatotype theory

and relates a persons behavior to
shape of their body

Purpose of Punishment will deter people for Expert study and intervention
punishment crime
Criminological Classification of Crimes
1.As to the result of crimes:

a. Acquisitive crimes – when the

offender acquire something as
consequence of his criminal act.

b. Extinctive crime – when the

end of a criminal act is destructive.

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Criminological Classification of Crimes
2. As to the time or period committed:

a. Seasonal crime – those committed only

a certain period of the year like violation of
law.

b. Situational crime – those committed

only when the given situation conducive to
its commission.
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Criminological Classification of Crimes

3. As to the length of the time committed:

a. Instant crime – those committed in the

shortest possible crime.

b. Espisodial crimes – those committed by

the series of acts in a lengthy space of time.

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Criminological Classification of Crimes
4. As to the place of the location of the
commission:

a. Static crime – those committed in only

one place.

b. Continuing crime – those that can be

committed several places Example; Forcible
crime with rape, kidnapping with ransom
Criminological Classification of Crimes
5. As to the use of mental faculties:

a. Rational crime – those committed with

intension and offender is in full possession of
sanity.

b. Irrational crime – those committed by the

person who do not know the nature and quality
of his act on account of the disease of mind.
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Criminological Classification of Crimes
6. As to the types of offenders:

a. White collar crimes – those committed by

person of respectability and of the upper socio-
economic class in the course of their occupational
activities. Ex. Adulteration of food by the
manufacturer.
b. Blue Collars crime – those committed by
ordinary professional criminal to maintain their
livelihood.
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Criminological Classification of Crimes
7. As to the standard of living of the
criminals:

a. Crimes of the upper world-falsification

cases – upper class criminal.

b. Crimes of the under world – bag

snatching – criminals that are under
privilege. Ex. Hold-up and snatching.
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Classification of Criminal

• Acute Criminal – person

who violates the Criminal
Law because of Impulse
of the moment, passion
or anger or spell of
extreme jealousy.

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 Classification of Criminal
• Chronic Criminal – person who acted in
accordance with their deliberated
thinking, such as:

Neurotic Criminal – person with intra psychic

conflict between the social and anti social
components of his/her present personality Ex. A
Kleptomaniac.

Normal Criminals – a criminal photo type

resembling a normal individual.
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 Classification of Criminal
according to behavioral
system
1. Ordinary Criminal – the lowest form of criminals
engage in petty crimes with lack of organization
and mental ability to plan.

2. Organized Criminal – this type of criminal is being

flared most. They exist in the street and in the
highest position in the government. Example of
highly organized crime is Narcopolitics
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 Big Three in Criminology

Cesare Enrico Ferri Rafaelle

Lombroso Garafalo
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Big Three in Criminology

Cesare Lombroso –
Founder of the Classical
School with the theory of
the “Born Criminal”

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Big Three in Criminology
Enrico Ferri – Founder
of the positivist
school which focused
more on social and
economic influences
on the criminal and
crime rates. He was a
student of Cesare
Lombroso.
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Big Three in Criminology
Rafaelle Garafalo – (1851-1934) was an
Italian jurist and a student of Cesare
Lombroso. He rejected the doctrine of free
will and supported the position that crime
can be understood only if it is studied by
scientific methods. He attempted to
formulate a sociological definition of crime
that would designate those acts which
can be repressed by punishment. These
constituted "Natural Crime" and were
considered offenses violating the two
basic altruistic sentiments common to all
people, namely, probity and pity. Crime is
an immoral act that is injurious to society.
This was more of a psychological
orientation than Lombroso's physical-type
anthropology. 27
 PRINCIPAL DIVISIONS OF
CRIMINOLOGY
1.The Sociology of law – concerned itself with
the role of social forces in the shaping of
criminal law in society.

2.Criminal etiology – scientific analysis of the

causes of crime. It focuses on the causes
of criminal behavior.

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 PRINCIPAL DIVISIONS OF
CRIMINOLOGY
3. Penology – concern with the control of
crime, study of punishment. Concerns also
with the isolation custody, reformation
and re integration in the society of
persons labeled as criminals by the
authorities.

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 PRINCIPAL DIVISIONS OF
CRIMINOLOGY
4. Crime Statistics – measures and studies
regarding amount and trend of crime.
Analysis of volume of crime in a given time
and use as data to support the study of
crime and criminals

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 FACTORS THAT ENHANCE THE
DEVELOPMENT OF CRIMINAL
BEHAVIOR
1. Criminal Demography – study of the relationship
between criminality and population.

2. Criminal Epidiomology – study of the relationship

between environment and criminality.

3. Criminal Ecology – study of criminality in relation to

spatial distribution in a community.

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 FACTORS THAT ENHANCE THE
DEVELOPMENT OF CRIMINAL
BEHAVIOR
4.Criminal physical anthropology – study of
criminality in relation to physical constitution of men.

5.Criminal psychology – study of human behavior in

relation to criminality.

6.Criminal psychiatry – study of human mind in

relation to criminality.

7. Victimology – study of the role of the victim in the

commission of crime. 32
FACTORS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT
AND EXISTENCE OF CRIMES AND
CRIMINALITY
1. Geography Factors

a. North and south pole – according to Quetelet “thermic law of delinquency:

b. Approach to the Equator According to Montesquieu Spirit of Laws
c. Season of the year crimes against person in in crisis during summer than
in rainy days while crime against property are on the rise during wet
season.
d. d. Soil formation – crimes against property dominates, the highland
crimes against persons dominate the law land area.
e. Month of the year
f. Temperature
g. Humidity atmospheric pressure
h. Wind Velocity

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FACTORS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT AND
EXISTENCE OF CRIMES AND CRIMINALITY
2. The Biological Factors
a. Physiognomy – relationship between the facial features.
b. Phrenology or Craniology – study of external formation
of the skull that indicates the conformation of the brain
and the development of its various parts in relation to
the behavior of the criminal.
c. Somatotype Theory – has something to do with the body
type or physique of man. Their temperament is also
associated with their body built.

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What is physiognomy?
• Physiognomy greek word
physis “nature” and
gnomon “
judge/interpreter”.

• Also known called as

Anthroposcopy; the art of
determining character or
personal characteristics
from the form or features
 FACTORS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT AND
EXISTENCE OF CRIMES AND CRIMINALITY
What is craniology and phrenology?
• Craniology was the science of character divination, faculty
psychology, theory of brain and what the 19th century phrenologists
called “ The only True Science of Mind”
• Phrenology came from the theories of the idiosyncratic Viennese
physician Franz Joseph Gall
 FACTORS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT AND
EXISTENCE OF CRIMES AND CRIMINALITY
What is somatotyping?
 FACTORS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT AND
EXISTENCE OF CRIMES AND CRIMINALITY
What is somatotyping?
FACTORS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT AND
EXISTENCE OF CRIMES AND CRIMINALITY
2. The Biological Factors.
Heredity – as the causes of crime.

a. Study of Kalikak Family Tree (By Henry

Goddard) - about Martin Kalikak who was a
soldier during the revolutionary war in America
had an illicit affair with a feeble-minded girl.
About 489 descendants traced from their
family tree 143 were feeble-minded. 46 were
normal. After the war Kalikak married an ideal
person from a good family and out of their
marriage had produced 4967 descendants only
1 became normal 2 became alcoholic 1
became criminal and 1 convicted of religious
FACTORS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT AND
EXISTENCE OF CRIMES AND CRIMINALITY
b. Study of Juke Family Tree (By Richard
Dugdale) -The Juke Family was consisted
of 6 girls some of whom were
illegitimate. One of them, Ada Juke was
also known as “Margaret” became the
“mother of all criminals”. Dugdale
traced her 1, 200 descendants for 75
years from its origin and found 280 as
paupers, 140 criminals, 7 murderers, 50
prostitutes, 440 afflicted with sexual
diseases and 30 were persecuted for
bastardy.
 FACTORS AFFECTING
DEVELOPMENT AND EXISTENCE OF
CRIMES AND CRIMINALITY
c. Study of Sir Jonathan Edward
Family Tree - Jonathan Edward was
a famous preacher during the
colonial period. When his family
was traced, one of the
descendants was found to be
criminal and many became
successful and famous, some
became president and magistrate,
writers, preachers and teachers.
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FACTORS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT AND
EXISTENCE OF CRIMES AND CRIMINALITY
d. Study of Kretschmer by classifying types of
physique and the type of crimes they are prone to
commit:
1. Pyknic type: Those who are stout and with round
bodies. They tend to commit deception, fraud and
violence.
2. Athletic type Those who are muscular and slender.
Their crimes are pretty thievery and fraud.
3. Asthenic type: Those who are skinny and slender.
Their crimes are pretty thievery and fraud.
4. Dysplastic or mixed type: Those who are less clear
evident having any predominant type. Their offenses
are against decency and morality.
FACTORS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT AND
EXISTENCE OF CRIMES AND CRIMINALITY
e. Study of William Sheldon (Varieties of Delinquency
Youth)
1. Endomorph – a person who is round, fat and fleshy with
short tempering limbs and small bones. Sometimes called
Viscerotonic Temperaments. Viscerotonic Temperaments -
who is a person characterized by the tendency to relax
comfortable loves luxury an essentially extrovert.
2. Ectomorph – a person is thin, small, and bony mass,
relatively great surface area. Cerebrotonic temperaments
3. Mesomorph – a person whose big bone and muscular and
tends to have a large trunk, heavy chest and large wrist
and hands Somatonic Temperaments.
FACTORS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT AND
EXISTENCE OF CRIMES AND CRIMINALITY
f. Study of Heredity as the causes of Crimes

3. Sociological causes of Crimes

a. Lack of parental guidance
b. Broken homes and Family
c. Injuring Status of Neighborhood
d. Bad association with criminal groups
e. Lack of recreational facilities for proper use of
leisure time
f. Lack of employment poverty
3.1. Sociological Theory - the most widely
accepted theory of criminal behavior is
sociological approach.

• Differential Association Theory by Edwin H.

Sutherland that criminal behavior is learned.
• Law of Imitations by Gabriel Tarde explained
that crime is a result of imitation, simulations
and idolatry.
• Theory of Anomie by Emile Durkheim explain
that crime is a normal part of society (as in
birth and death). He stressed that crime is
produced when there is breakdown in social
values and order.
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Kinds of disorganized or broken homes
a. Home with criminal pattern

b. Home in which there are unsatisfactory relations

because of domination, favoritism, non – soliciture,
neglect, jealousy, step parent and interfering
relatives.

c. Home socially or normally maladjusted because of

difference of race, religion or an immoral situation.

d. Home in which one parent has physical or mental

disability. e. Home under economic pressures
unemployment. 46
Theories on Sociological causes of
Crimes

1. Differential Identification Theory by Daniel

Glasser
2. Imitation – Suggestion Theory by Gabriel
Tarde
3. Differential Social Organization Theory
4. Conflict of Culture Theory by Thorsten Sellin
5. Containment Theory by Reckless
Criminogenic factors causes of crimes

a. Failure of the School in character development of the children

and the youth.
1. Primary functions of the school
2.Relationship between school and delinquency or crimes.
b. The teaching of religion may sometimes be misdirected from its
purpose and objective.

c. The mass communication media develop an artificial

environment of crimes and delinquency and influence the public to
violate the law.

d. Political causes may likewise bring out on artificial set of crime.

SIGMUD FREUD (The Ego and The ld.,
1927)
SIGMUD FREUD (The Ego and The ld.,
1927)

“Id” - Instinct of social drives.

“Ego” – this forms part of man’s physical organization
between his sensory stimuli on one hand and his
motor activity on the other. the ego operates on the
basis of expediency.
“Super-ego” conscience of man. The super-ego tries
to control the ego and maybe represented by the
voice of God.
 General Index of Criminality
This criminosynthesis explains the reason why a person may
commit a crime or inhibit himself from doing so under the
following conditions:

• Need Frustration – the person before committing the crime is

likely to feel unhappy, unsatisfied, resentful or angry about
something in particular or about life in general.
• Internal Inhibition – it refers to all types of internal forces which
may prevent a person from committing a crime.
• External Inhibition – refers to all types of external forces which
may prevent an individual from committing crime.
 General Index of Criminality
This criminosynthesis explains the reason why a person
may commit a crime or inhibit himself from doing so under
the following conditions:
• Contact with Reality – This refers to the extent to which person
can learn from his past experiences, especially his past mistakes,
as well as to the extent to which he can evaluate accurately the
present situation and foresee the consequence of his parent
action in relation to his future.
• Situational Crime potential – this refers to the cultural
opportunity to commit the crime, that is to the easiest or
possibilities to commit a crime offered by a given place, situation
person or environment.
 General Index of Criminality

This criminosynthesis explains the reason why

a person may commit a crime or inhibit himself
from doing so under the following conditions:

• Potential Satisfaction – This refers to the

balance of gain and loss that a person may
experience if he commits a given crime.
 Mental Disturbance as Causes of Crimes
The following are cases of mental disturbances which are
sometimes the causes of criminality and the development of
criminal behavior.

• Mental Deficiency – a condition of arrested or incomplete

development of the mind existing before the age of 18,
disease or injury.
• Schizophrenia – this is sometimes called dementia praecox
which is a form of psychosis characterized by thinking
disturbance and regression to a more relatively unimpaired
and intellectual functions are well preserved.
• Compulsive Neurosis – this is uncontrollable or irresistible
impulse to do something.
 Mental Disturbance as Causes of Crimes
The following are cases of mental disturbances which are
sometimes the causes of criminality and the development of
criminal behavior.

• Epilepsy – this is a condition characterized by convulsive

seizures and a tendency to mental deterioration.
• Alcoholism – this is a form vice causing mental disturbance. It
is a condition wherein a person is under the influence of
intoxicating liquor or alcohol.
• Drug Addiction – this is another form of vice which causes
strong mental disturbance. It is the state of periodic or
chronic intoxication produced by the repeated consumption
of natural or synthetic drugs.
 ………….END OF
PRESENTATION………….