PROCESSES,SERVICES,AND METHODS IN

COUNSELLING
 TYPES OF COUNSELLING
• COUNSELLING CAN BE CLASSIFIED
ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF
PARTICIPANTS(VILLAR,2009) AND THE
NATURE OF
CONCERNS(DEMOS,1973:VILLAR,2009)
ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS
• VILLAR(2009) IDENTIFIED FIVE COMMON TYPES OF COUNSELLING
ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS: INDIVIDUAL,
GROUP,MULTIPLE,COUPLE, AND FAMILY COUNSELLING.

• INDIVIDUAL COUNSELLING IS THE BEST KNOWN TYPE OF

COUNSELLING. THIS INVOLVES A ONE-ON-ONESESSION
BETWEEN THE COUNSELOR AND THE CLIENT.

• THIS TAKES PLACE DURING THE FOLLOWING:

• WHEN CLIENTS EXPERIENCING DIFFICULT MOMENTS IN THEIR
LIVES VOLUNTARILY MEET WITH COUNSELORS IN THE BELIEF
THAT THESE PROFESSIONALS CAN HELP THEM;

• WHEN CLIENTS ARE REFERRED TO COUNSELORS BY THE

PEOPLE CLOSE TO THEM AFTERALL OTHER EFFORTS IN
SOLVING THEIR PROBLEMS HAVE BEEN EXHAUSTED;

• WHEN DURING A ROUTINE INTERVIEW )MOSTLY DONE IN

SCHOOLS),COUNSELORS FIND THEIR CLIENTS TO HAVE
ACTUAL CONCERNS THAT NEED TO BE ADRESSED THROUGH
COUNSELLING.
• GROUP COUNSELLING, ON THE OTHER HAND, IS THE TYPE OF
COUNSELLING WHICH INVOLVES SEVERAL CLIENTS WITH
COMMON CONCERNS AND GOALS. FOR INSTANCE,CLIENTS
WHO HAVE PROBLEMS WITH INTERPERSONAL SKILLS CAN
GROUP TOGETHER AND WORK OUT SOME STRATEGIES.

• SOME CLIENTS PREFER GROUP COUNSELLING BECAUSE IT

GIVES THEM A FEELING THAT THEY ARE NOT ALONE AND ALSO
GIVES THEM OPPORTUNITIES TO LISTEN AND LEARN FROM
OTHE GROUP MEMBERS.
• MULTIPLE COUNSELLING IS A RATHER NEW TYPE OF
COUNSELLING WHEREIN MORE THAN ONE
COUNSELOR ATTEND TO CLIENTS- MAY IT BE AN
INDIVIDUAL,COUPLE, OR GROUP. THE COUNSELORS
MAY MEET WITH THE CLIENT INDIVIDUAALY,BY PAIRS,
OR AS A GROUP DURING THE COUNSELLING
SESSIONS. FOR EXAMPLE, A FAMILY IN COUNSELLING
MAY HAVE TWO COUNSELORS DURING A SESSION,
WITH ONE OBSERVING AND TAKING NOTES AND THE
OTHER FACILITATING THE COUNSELING SESSION.
• COUPLE COUNSELLING REFERS TO COUNSELLING
TO VARIOUS TYPES OF COUPLES SUCH AS MALE-
FEMALE, FEMALE-FEMALE,MALE-MALE. THIS TYPE
OF COUNSELLING FOCUSES ON THE RELATIONSHIP
CONCERNS OF THE PARTIES INVOLVED.
• FAMILY COUNSELLING IS THE TYPE OF COUNSELLING
BETWEEN FAMILY MEMBERS AND A TRAINED COUNSELLING
PROFESSIONAL. THIS MAY BE FOCUSED ON IMPROVING
FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS OR HELPING THE FAMILY COPE
WITH INCIDENT-SPECIFIC ISSUES, SUCH AS A DEATH IN THE
FAMILY.

• FAMILY MEMBERS MAY ALSO BE INVITED TO PARTICIPATE IN

THE COUNSELLING SESSIONS TO HELP ITS INDIVIDUAL
MEMBERS IDENTIFY AND RESOLVE HIS PROBLEMS.

• IN THE PHILIPPINES, THE MOST COMMON TYPES OF

COUNSELLING ARE INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP COUNSELLING.
 ACCORDING TO THE NATURE CONCERNS
• Counseling can also be categorized according to the nature of
concerns of the clients.The nature can be personal/social,
academic/educational, and career/vocational/occupational (Demos,
1973; Villar , 2009).
• Personal/social counseling focuses on personal concerns and
concerns relating to the client's relationship with others. Personal
problems include stress, depression, relationship concern, and identity
issues. Social concerns include conflict with friends and bullying.
concerns not covered by academic/educational career/ vocational/
occupational categories are also within the scope of personal/ social
counseling. Apart from helping clients see their problems in a different
perspective, counselors also help clients develop necessary coping
skills.
• Academic/ educational counseling, also called school counseling, is
focus on helping students acquire and use life long by developing their
academic career, self-awareness, and interpersonal communication
skills. This type of counselling aims to promote and enhance the
student's learning process(ASCA 1997). School and academic concerns
include in selecting a school, adjusting in a new school, or surviving in a
competitive school environment.
• Career/Vocational/Occupational counseling prepares and assists clients
in the work setting. Providing clients with necessary information for them
to plan and make decisions regarding their career is one of the major
activities of this type of counseling.Students who are unsure of one what
career path to pursue and employees who are experiencing difficulties
at work can benefit from career counseling.
SERVICES IN COUNSELLING
• COUNSELLING PROVIDES A RANGE OF SERVICES FOR ADDRESSING
CLIENT NEEDS.BELOW IS A LIST OF SEVERSAL COUNSELLING
SERVICES A CLIENT MAY AVAIL. THESE SERVICES ARE ALSO AREAS
OF SPECIALIZATION THAT COUNSELORS VENTURE INTRO.

• ADDICTION COUNSELINGS FOCUSES ON CLIENTS WITH ADDICTION

PROBLEMS(E.G. ALCOHOL, DRUGS, GAMBLING). COUNSELORS USE
BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION STRATEGIES TO HELP CLIENTS MINIMIZE
AND ERADICATE LEAST PROBLEMS
• CAREER COUNSELLING FOCUSES ON HELPING CLIENTS,
MAKE CAREER DECISIONS. COUNSELORS EMPLOY
ASSESSMENT TOOL TO HELP CLIENTS ARRIVED AT
DECISIONS WHICH ARE BEST SUITED TO THEM.

• CHILD AND ADOLESCENT COUNSELLING FOCUSES ON

HELPING CHILD AND ADOLESCENTS WITH THEIR
DEVELOPMENTAL NEEDS AND CONCERNS.

• COMMUNITY COUNSELING FOCUSES ON HELPING DIVERSE

POPULATIONS WITH DIFFERENT CONCERNS AND NEEDS.
• CORRECTIONAL COUNSELLING FOCUSES ON HELPING
CLIENTS IN VARIOUS LAW ENFORCEMENT, SETTINGS,
SUCH AS JUVENILE, DELINQUENCY CENTERS AND THOSE
WHO ARE BEHIND BARS SERVING THEIR SENTENCES.

• COUPLES AND FAMILY COUNSELLING FOCUSES ON

ASISTING COUPLES AND FAMILIES IN DIFFICULT
CIRCUMSTANCES.

• CRISIS COUNSELLING FOCUSES ON AIDING INDIVIDUALS

AN GROUPS EXPERIENCING CRISIS SITUATIONS THAT
HINDER THEM TO FUNCTION IN THEIR EVERYDAY LIVES.
• EMPLOYMENT COUNSELING FOCUSES ON ASSISTING CLIENTS ON
FINDING A SPECIFIC JOBS AND ALSO INCLUDES THE CLIENT’S
PERSONAL AND SOCIAL CONCERNS.

• GERONTOLOGY COUNSELLING FOCUSES ON HELPING THE OLDER

CLIENTS ADDRESS THEIR VARIOUS CONCERNS.

• GROUP COUNSELLING FOCUSES ON HELPING CLIENTS WITH SIMILAR

CONCERNS, NEEDS, AND PROBLEMS THROUGH GROUPS APPROACH.

• MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELLING FOCUCSES ON ASSISITING CLIENTS

WITH EMOTIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CONCERNS TO PROMOTE
MENTAL HEALTH. MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELORS OFTEN WORK WITH A
TEAM COMPOSED OF PSYCHOLOGIES, PSYCHIATRISTS,SOCIAL
WORKERS, DOCTORS, AND OTHER HELP PROFESSIONALS.
• REHABILITATION COUNCELLING FOCUSES ON HELPING
CLIENTS SUFFERING FROM PHYSICAL OR EMOTIONAL
DISABILITIES WHICH MAY AFFECT THEIR FAMILY, SOCIAL, WORK
LIFE.

• SCHOOL COUNCELLING FOCUSES ON HELPING CLIENTS WITH

PERSONAL-SOCIAL, ACADEMIC, AND CAREER CONCERNS.THEY
ALSO COLABORATE WITH TEACHERS, ADMINISTRATORS, AND
OTHER SCHOOL PERSONNEL.
STAGES OF COUNCELLING
• COUNCELLING IS COMPRISED OF SEVERAL STAGES. AUTHORS HAVE
DIFFERENT DESCRIPTION OF THESE STAGES.

• Brown and Srebalus (2003), identified 3 general stages. BEGINNING

PHASE, MIDDLE PHASE, AND LATE PHASE.

• GLADDING (2009), ON THE OTHER HAND, SPECIFIEDIN HIS STAGES

WHAT USUALLY HAPPENS IN THESE THREE GENRAL STAGES:
BUILDING COUNSELLING RELATIONSHIPS,WORKING IN A
COUNSELLING RELATIONSHIPS,AND TERMINATION OF COUNSELLING
RELATIONSHIPS.
STAGE1: RELATIONSHIP BUILDING
• THE QUALITY OF COUNSELLING RELATIONSHIP IS ONE FACTOR WHICH
CAN MAKE OR BREAK THE COUNSELLING PROCESS.AT THE ONSET OF
COUNSELLING, COUNSELORS ESTABLISH AN ATMOSPHERE WHERE
CLIENTS FEEL SAFE SO THAT CLIENTS CAN SHARE THEIR INNERMOST
CONCERNS,FEELINGS,AND THOUGHTS. RAPPORT BETWEEN
COUNSELORS AND CLIENTS SHOULD BE BUILT.

• COUNSELORS CAN DO THIS MANIFESTING THE “CORE CONDITIONS” AS

PROPOSED BY ROGERS(1957 AS QUOTED IN NYUTSUL3 1999). THESE
CORE CONDITIONS ARE EMPATHY, UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD,
AND CONGRUENCE.
• EMPATHY IS” THE ABILITY TO UNDERSTAND THE
SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE OF THE CLIENT-TO
PERCEIVE THE WORLD AS THE CLIENT DOES WHILE
RETAINING ONE’S OWN IDENTITY”(BROWN AND
SREBALUS 2003,71). COUNSELORS ARE ABLE TO
UNDERSTAND THEIR CLIENTS BY ACTIVELY
LISTENING TO THEM AND COMMUNICATING WHAT
THEY HAVE TO UNDERSTOOD BACK TO THE
CLIENTS. IT IS NOT ENOUGH THAT COUNSELORS
KNOW THE WHAT,HOW, AND WHY OF THEIR CLIENT;
THEY MUST ALSO BE ACCURATELY AWARE OF THEIR
CLIENT’S FEELINGS AND EXPERIENCES.
• UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD REFERS TO “ COUNSELORS
COMMUNICATING TO CLIENTS THAT THEY ARE OF VALUE AND
WORTH AS INDIVIDUALS” (NYUTSUL,1999,54). THIS HAS BEEN
CALLED IN VARIOUS NAMES, SUCH AS NON-POSSESSIVE
WARMTH, ACCEPTANCE,PRIZING,AND REGARD.

• COUNSELORS RECOGNIZE THEIR CLIENTS’ UNIQUENESS AND

DIGNITY ASS INDIVIDUALS.

• LASTLY CONGRUENCE MEANS “COUNSELORS BEHAVING IN A

MANNER CONSISTENT WITH HOW THEY THINK AND
FEEL”(NYUTSUL 1999,54). THIS ALSO KNOWN AS GENUINENESS
• OTHER AUTHORS HAVE PROPOSED ADDITIONAL CORE CONDITION ,SUCH
AS RESPECT,IMMEDIACY,CONFRONTATION,CONCRETENESS, AND SELF-
DISCLOSURE.

a. RESPECT, WHICH IS SIMILAR TO UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE

REGARD,FOCUSES ON ACKNOWLEDGING AND ACCEPTING INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES(OKUN 1997 AS QUOTED IN NYSTUL 1999);
b. IMMEDIACY REFERS TO COUNSELORS AND CLIENTS FOCUSING ON WHAT
IS HAPPENING IN THE PRESENT SPECIFICALLY DURING THE SESSIONS
(CARKUFF 1977 AS QUOTED IN NYSTUL 1999):
c. CONFRONTATION REFERS TO COUNSELORS POINTING OUT THE “
DISCREPANCIES BETWEEN WHAT THE CLIENTS ARE SAYING AND DOING”(
GAZDA et al. 1974 AS QUOTED IN NYSTUL 1999,54) AND “BETWEEN CLIENTS’
PERCEPTIONS OF THEMELVES AND COUNSELORS’PERCEPTIONS OF
CLIENTS”(EGAN 1994 AS QUOTED IN NYSTUL 1999,54)
D .CONCRETENESS REFERS TO COUNSELORS HELPING
CLIENTS BE CLEAR AND SPECIFIC IN COMMUNICATING THEIR
CONCERNS(NYSTUL 1999):
E .SELF-DISCLOSURE REFERS TO COUNSELORS SHARING
INFORMATION ABOUT THEMSELVES THAT ARE APPROPRIATE TO
THE COUNSELLING PROCESS, NOT SO THAT THEY CAN
DOMINATE THE INTERACTION BUT TO OFFER INSIGHT OR TO
ENCOURAGE SELF-DISCLOSURE IN THE CLIEN

IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT COUNSELORS SHOULD BE ABLE

TO MANIFEST THESE CORE CONDITIONS ALL THROUGHOUT THE
COUNSELLING PROCESS.
STAGE 2: ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSIS
• DURING THIS STAGE, COUNSELORS GAIN AN IN DEPTH
UNDERSTANDING OF THEIR CLIENTS THROUGH ASSESSMENT. THIS
CAN BE DONE THROUGH THE USE OF STANDARDIZED AND NON-
STANDARDIZED MEANS.

• STANDARDIZED METHODS INCLUDE THE USE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL

TEST SUCH AS IQ,MENTAL ABILITY,PERSONALITY AND CAREER TEST.

• NON-STANDARDIZED METHODS INCLUDE

INTERVIEWS,OBSERVATIONS,ANECDOCTAL RECORDS AND CASE
STUDIES.
STAGE 3: FORMULATION OF GOALS
• GOAL SETTING IS A SHARED TASK AND RESPONSIBILITY OF
COUNSELORS AND CLIENTS. COUNSELLING GOALS CAN BE
CATEGORIZED AS PROCESS GOALS AND OUTCOME
GOALS(NYUTSUL1999)

• OUTCOME GOALS ARE THE INTENDED RESULTS OF COUNSELLING.

THESE ARE GENERALLY WHAT THE CLIENTS EXPECT TO
ACCOMPLISH AFTER COUNSELLING.

• PROCESS COUNSELLING REFER TO THE PLANNED EVENTS BY THE

COUNSELLOR FOR ACHIEVING THE OUTCOME GOALS.
STAGE 4: INTERVENTION AND PROBLEM
SOLVING
• ONCE GOALS HAVE BEEN FORMULATED,COUNSELORS
AND CLIENTS WORK ON DEFINING INTERVENTIONS
STATEGIES TO IMPLEMENT. INTERVENTION REFERS TO
THE DELIBERATE PROCESS OR METHOD OF SOLVING
CLIENT’S PROBLEMS. IT IS ADVANTAGEOUS FOR CLIENTS
TO BE INVOLVED IN THE SELECTION OF INTERVENTIONS
TO BE IMPLEMENTED.
• COUNSELORS EXPLAIN THE POSSIBLE INTERVENTIONS
AVAILABLE, THE ROLE OF COUNSELOR AND CLIENT FOR
EACH ACTIVITY, THE POSSIBLE RISKS AND BENEFITS, AND
ITS DURATION AND COST TO CLIENTS.
STAGE 5: TERMINATION AND FOLLOW UP
• FOR EVERY BEGINNING, THERE IS AN END. IT IS
SAID THAT THE END GOAL OF COUNSELLING IS TO
EMPOWER CLIENTS TO REACH THE POINT
WHEREIN THEY WOULD HAVE NO NEED OF
COUNSELOR’S ASSISTANCE AS THEY JOURNEY
THROUGH LIFE( NYUTSUL 1999).
• COUNSELING CAN BE TERMINATED WHEN
CLIENTS CAN NAVIGATE THROUGH THEIR
DIFFICULTIES ON THEIR OWN.
STAGE 6: RESEARCH AND EVALUATION
• RESEARCH AND EVALUATION ARE ESSENTIAL
ASPECTS OF COUNSELLING THAT CONTRIBUTE
TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF THE PROFESSION.
COUNSELORS COMPLETE RESEARCH AND
EVALUATION THROUGHOUT THE COUNSELLING
PROCESS TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE
INTERVENTIONS APPLIED ARE APPROPRIATE AND
EFFECTIVE AND WHETHER THE PERSONNEL
EFFICIENTLY DELIVERED THESE SERVICES.