attitude

Shraddha gajjar
definition

It is hypothetical construct that represents an

individual’s like or dislike for an items.

It is the evaluation of an object, person,

behavior, or event based on beliefs guiding
behavior of an individual.

It is positive , negative, or neutral views of an

attitude object. Ie. Person, behaviour or event
components

cognitive

affective conative
types

Positive : Negative: Neutral

• liking of • dislike • neither

someone something favorable
nor
unfavorable
Development of attitude
Association and reinforcement: child’s parents and their friends
tend to belong to one nation, same class and culture

Imitation/ identification: most imp.And copying them

Classical conditioning: pairing of two stimuli, two events repeatedly

occur close together in time become fused and person give same
response to both events.

Social/ observational: modeling – observe others

Cont…

Cognitive dissonance: contradictory feeling cause stress and

choose one to resolve it.

Unconscious motivation: person who is threatened by his

homosexual feeling employ the defense mechanism of
reaction formation and become leader against homosexuals.

Rational analysis: evidences .

Attitudinal change
 Once the attitude have been formed they
have a tendency to persist or continue.
 difficult to change
 But necessary to modify unhealthy or
irrational attitude by learning.
Changing strateges
 Perception by new experiences and
factual knowledge
 Group support
 Opportunity for much close contact with
object
 Health education
Factors affecting attitudinal change
 Reducing cognitive dissonance (tension)
 Counter attitudinal advocacy
 Self perception
 Distraction
 Reinforcement
 Low exposure
Importance of positive attitude for
nurses
 Help to become optimistic
 Raises self esteem
 Help in making better choices and live
healthier life
 Good attitude Attract other people
 Increase optimum &consistent performance
 Reduce accidents and unintentional
incidents.
 Good reputation and advancement in career.
habits
definition
 It is a behavior or set of behavior that you
do automatically, without thinking and
consciously.
characteristics
Link b/w goal and action finally to achieve the goal .(action)

Repeatedly performed with consciously doing too much

efforts.

Needs stimuli to start

Copied easily

More behavior repeated stronger will be habit

 Good
bad
types
Motor
Intellectual
Habits of character
Good habits are….
Exercising

Stop smoking

Feeling calm and getting rid of anxiety

Eating healthy food

Feeling better about self

More appreciative and thankful

More organized

Meditating

Positive attitude during day

Bad habits are… harmful
 Nail biting
 Smoking
 Borrowing money
 Over eating
 Food addiction
 Compulsive shopping
 Binge drinking
 nose picking
 Hair pulling
 Gambling
 Drug addiction
Motor habits- muscular activity
 Standing
 Sitting
 Running
 Walking
 Doing exercises
 Posture maintaining
Intellectual habit- psychological
process
 Good observation
 Accurate perception
 Logical thinking
 Ability to take decision
 reasoning
Habits of character- emotional habit
 Helping other who are in need
 trusting people
 Honest
 Friendly
 Time mx
 Hard working
 Keeping dress clean & tidy
Habit formation cycle
1.
Trigger

action Need

Impulse Thought

Feeling
 Trigger: Boss yells on me
 Need: I just quit office
 Thought and feeling:
Feel angry &sad, Stress inside body
 Impulse and action:
For relief drink a peg of alcohol
More aclcohol
3 R in habit formation cycle

Reminder:
trigger

Reward: Routine:
benefit action in
gain daily bases
Breaking of bad habits
 Really want to change and convince self
 Gain insight
 Set goal
 Measure progress
 Additional support
Importance for nurses
 Reduce stress &strain
 Not require effort and conscious attention
 Reduce fatigue
 Action become automatic
 Smooth functioning in ward
 Nurse become simpler,quicker and more
accurate
 Ensure greater speedin work ,
 More efficiency and effectiveness
learning
intro
 Starts from birth and continues till death.
 Language development
 Development of basic values
def
 It is defined as any relatively permanent
change in behavior which occures as a
result of practice and experience.
 Types

Methods/ techniques for behv

Domain / specific area of behavior change

Trial and error learning

Classical
Verbal learning
Operant
Motor
Chain
Affective
Serial
Cognitive
associate
skill
Verbal learning
 Signs
 Pictures
 Symbols
 Words
 Figures
 Sounds
 voices
Motor learning
 Walking
 Dancing
 Typing
 Swimming
Affective learning
 Attitude
 Values
 Ideas
 aprpreciation
Cognitive learning
 Concept
 Principles
 Problem solving
Skill learning
 By listening to direction and explanation
 Reading
 Seeing demonstration
 Paying attention
Theories
 1. trial and error theories of learning
 II. Theories of conditioned reflexes
A. classical conditioning
b. Operant conditioning
1. trial and error theories of
learning
 American psychologist EL Thorndike
1878-1949
 Father of educational psychology
 Conducted experience on animal
learning.
 Animal go on hitting the target by impulse
or learn out of “ hit and miss ” known as
trial and error learning
experiment
 Hungry cat put inside in puzzle box.
 Piece of food was kept outside the box at
a little distance so that cat can not reach
it unless she open the door and to get
the food.
Method is used when..
 Learner is completely motivated
 cat is hungry and knows the food is there.
 When Perception and learned activities
are alone not sufficient
 When learner fails to find the solution to
the problem.
Classical conditioning
 Russian physiologist
 Noble prize winner Ivan pavlov 1849-
1936
 Work on gastric secretion that a dog
salivated not only, when food was placed
in the mouth but also at the sound of
footstep of person coming to feed it, even
though the dog could not see or smell
the food.
Before conditioning
Food –UCS salivation UCR
Bell CS with food UCS salivation UCR
After conditioning
Bell CS Salivation CR
Principles must be used
 Developing good habit: good habit like
cleanliness, respect for elders, punctuality
 Breaking of bad habit and
elimination of conditioned fears: all
learning is acquired in the social
environment ie. Deconditioning anxiety
and fear in maladjusted children
 Training of animal: long period
 Developing attitude: favorable attitude
towards learning
 Use in psychotherapy: treat phobias,
and unwanted behaviors such as
alcoholism and addiction.
Operant conditioning
 BF Skinner 1904-1990
 Increase behavior by following it with
punishment.
experiment
 Placed rat inside the glass box.
 Containing food and lever.
 Lever pressed - automatically food was
dropped.
 Pressed lever was learned response.
Response
 -----------------Stimulus

(press lever) (Reward)

Time
Conditioned ----- -------
Conditioned
Response Stimulus

(press lever) (Reward)

Behavioral modification
Parents an reinforce behavior by
punishment
Teacher reinforce good academic
performance with small rewards
Treat children or adults with
psychological and behavioral problem.
Factors influencing learning
1. Nature of the learner:
 age – Adult –easily
Child and aged- difficulty
 Intelligence:
 Attention:
 Intrest and motivation
 Mental & physical health
 Fatigue & rest :
2. Nature of learning materials:
 Meaningful
 clearly printed
 Easy language
3. nature of learning method:
 Definite goal
 Recitation: repetition a loud
 Exercise and repetition
 By parts learning
 Reward & punishment
 progress
Laws of learning
 Law of readiness
 Law of exercise and practice
 Law of effect: satisfaction and pleasure
 Law of attitude : healthy attitude
 Law of analogy: comparison
 Law of association:
 Law of multiple response and varied
reaction: respond variety of ways
Learning in nsg.
 Complex studies
 Researches
 New medical instruments
 Equipments
 Specialization nsg.
 Nsg procedures
 Health education
Thank
you