Introduction to AI

AAPP002-4-2 Ver 1.0

Basic Concepts of AI
 Topic & Structure of The Lesson

• AI problems
• Development of AI
• Areas of AI

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 Learning Outcomes

• At the end of this topic, You should be

able to
• Basic Concepts of AI
• AI Problems
• Development of AI
• Areas in Artificial Intelligence

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 Key Terms You Must Be Able To
Use
• If you have mastered this topic, you should be able to use the
following terms correctly in your assignments and exams:

• Artificial Intelligence
• Human Intelligence
• Turing Test
• Chinese Room theory

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 What is Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of

computer science devoted to the study of
computer hardware and software designed
to imitate the thinking and reasoning powers
of the human mind.

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 Other definitions

“…the science of making machines do

things that would require intelligence if
done by humans” - Marvin Minsky

“ …the part of computer science concerned

with designing intelligent computer
systems” - E.Feigenbaum

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 What is intelligence?

• Human intelligence?
– Ability to learn or understand from experience
– Ability to acquire and retain knowledge
– Able to integrate experience and knowledge
to solve problems

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 Origins of AI

• AI involves a number of different fields

like:
– Philosophy
– Logic
– Computation
– Psychology
– Biology

Which leads to…..

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 Problems with AI

• Issues like:
– Computers can only deal with syntax but can
never understand semantics
– Chinese Room argument

– Human reasoning cannot be based on a fixed

calculus
– The Lucas-Penrose argument

– Humans are proved to be inconsistent

– Godel

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 Quick Review Question

• In your own words, define artificial

intelligence

• Find out information on Chinese Room

argument and the Lucas-Penrose
argument mentioned in the previous slide.
(to be discussed during tutorial)

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 Implementing the goals of AI which are:

Systems that think Systems that think

like humans. rationally.

Systems that act Systems that act

like humans. rationally.

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 Thinking humanly

• To get machine thinking like humans, the

human minds need to be understood
• Therefore, if the machine’s behaviour
matches human behaviour, it can be
concluded that some of the machine’s
mechanisms may also be operating in
human.

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 Acting humanly

• Is based on Turing test i.e. ability to

achieve human-level performance in all
cognitive tasks shows intelligent behaviour

Note:
Additional exercise to be discussed during
tutorial:
Explain Turing test
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 Thinking rationally

• Related to logical thinking

• Example:
We know Einstein is a man and all men
are mortal; therefore we can conclude that
Einstein is mortal

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 Acting rationally

• Related to making correct inferences i.e.

acting so as to achieve one’s goal, given
one’s beliefs
Example:
We saw a nail in our path. We know that
stepping on the nail will bring pain.
Therefore, we use another path.

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 Quick Review Question

• Find examples for all four situations

mentioned.

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 Summary of Main Teaching Points

• Definition on AI
• Definition of Human Intelligence
• Alan Turing and Turing Test
• Chinese Room Theory

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 Question and Answer Session

Q&A

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 What we will cover next

• Introduction to Expert Systems

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