The Universe

The Universe is…..

• All matter, including earth,
galaxies, and intergalactic
space.
 OBJECTIVES:
Describe the structure and composition of
the Universe;
State the different hypothesis that
preceded the Big Bang Theory of the
Origin of the Universe.
Explain the red-shift and how it used as
proof of an expanding universe
Explain the Big Bang Theory and
evidences supporting the theory.
 ACTIVITY:

1. It means "ordinary" matter consisting of

protons, electrons, and neutrons that
comprises atoms, planets, stars,
galaxies, and other bodies.

CRANOCBYI TARMTE
 ACTIVITY:

2. Matter that has gravity but does

not emit light.

KDRA ETMTAR
 ACTIVITY:

3. A source of anti-gravity; a force

that counteracts gravity and causes
the universe to expand.

RADK EGNYER
 ACTIVITY:

4. In 1929, he announced his significant

discovery of the “redshift” and its
interpretation that galaxies are moving away
from each other, hence as evidence for an
expanding universe.

WENDI UBEBHL
 ACTIVITY:

5. The current accepted model on

the formation of the universe.

IGB AGBN RHOTEY

 ACTIVITY:

6. Is a superseded description of
the universe with Earth at the
center.

CETSNIGOREM
 ACTIVITY:

7. To whom is the fundamental

statement of the big bang theory
attributed.

SGSGORE EMALITER
Theories on the Origin
of the Universe
• The narrative
from Genesis,
one of the
books of the
Hebrew Bible
and Christian
Old Testament.
• The Hindu text Rigveda describes the
universe as an oscillating universe.
 Greek Philosophers
• Anaxagoras believed in a primordial
universe.
• Leucippus and Democritus believed in an
atomic universe.
 Greek Philosophers
• Aristotle and Ptolemy proposed a
geocentric universe.
• Nicolaus Copernicus proposed his theory
of heliocentrism.
• In 1584, the Italian philosopher Giordano
Bruno suggested that even the Solar
system is not in the center of the universe-
it is merely just another star system
among an infinite multitude of others.
• In 1687, Sir Isaac Newton described the
universe as a static, steady-state, infinite
universe.
• A model of the universe assumed by Albert
Einstein was no different from Newton’s in
that it was static, dynamically-stable
universe, which was neither expanding nor
contracting.
• In 1929, American astronomer Edwin
Hubble showed that the universe was not
static.
Modern Theories on
the Origin of the
Universe
 Big Bang Theory
• It describes the universe as
expanding, having
originated from an infinitely
tiny, infinitely dense point
around 14 billion years ago.
Matter was not present at
the beginning of time, there
was only pure energy
compressed in a single
point called singularity.
 Big Bang Theory
• It was a violent explosion which caused
the inflation and expansion of the
universe.
• At that moment, the universe was
extremely hot that matter could not yet
exist.
 Big Bang Theory
• In a fraction of second four fundamental
forces were formed:
a. gravity (attraction between bodies)
b. electromagnetic force (binds atoms
into molecules)
c. strong nuclear force (binds protons
and neutrons together in the nucleus)
d. weak nuclear force (breaks down
an atom’s nucleus and produces
radioactive decay.
 Big Bang Theory
• After about three minutes, with the
universe continuously expanding, it began
to cool down, allowing the protons and
neutrons to fuse to form the nucleus of
hydrogen and helium atoms.
• About 300 000 years later, temperatures
became cool enough to for hydrogen and
helium atoms to completely form.
 Big Bang Theory
• After 300 million years stars and galaxies
began to form as hydrogen and helium
merge/unite with the aid of gravity.

• The overall composition of the universe

transitioned from light elements to heavier
elements from the supernova as the
temperature cool down.
 Big Bang Theory
• This made solid particles, in the form of
nebula to exist.
• These nebula would later on form stars
star systems and planets known today.
A cloud in space
 Made of gas and dust
• Can have stars inside
 Most of the ones we see are inside our
Milky Way Galaxy
 Different types

Orion image at
 Galaxies
• After the Big Bang, Gravity attracted
objects to each other, and they
clumped together to form GALAXIES.
• There are three types of Galaxies:
Spiral, Elliptical, and Irregular.
 Spiral Galaxies
• Have spiral shapes. Contain lots of
dust and gas between stars.
 Elliptical Galaxies
• Shaped like a
football.
• “Clean” galaxies:
Very little dust and
gas.
 Irregular Galaxies
• Have no
specific
shape.
Contain
some dust
and gas.
 Evidence for the Big Bang Theory
• Doppler Effect- Expansion of the
Universe
• Microwave Radiation- energy that is
given off by all objects in space. The
energy could be left over from the Big
Bang.
• Quasars- old objects at the edge of
the universe.
• Big Bang Theory - Evidence for the Theory
• First of all, we are reasonably certain that the universe
had a beginning.
• Second, galaxies appear to be moving away from us at
speeds proportional to their distance. This is called
"Hubble's Law.” This observation supports the
expansion of the universe and suggests that the
universe was once compacted.
• Third, if the universe was initially very, very hot as the
Big Bang suggests, we should be able to find some
remnant of this heat. In 1965, this was discovered a 2.725
degree Kelvin (-454.765 degree Fahrenheit, -270.425 degree Celsius) Cosmic
Microwave Background radiation (CMB) which pervades the observable universe.

• Finally, the abundance of the "light elements"

Hydrogen and Helium found in the observable
universe are thought to support the Big Bang model of
origins.
 Doppler Effect
• The Doppler Effect is the apparent
change in wavelength of light or
sound when an object is moving
towards or away from you.
 How the Doppler Effect Works
• If a train comes towards you, its sound
waves get compressed and get shorter.
You hear a higher pitch. If it moves
away from you, the wavelength
stretches, and you hear a lower pitch.
The Doppler Effect also applies to light
• If an object in space is moving
towards us, its wavelength shortens,
and the light shifts towards the blue
end of the color spectrum.
• If an object is moving away from us,
its wavelength lengthens, and the
light shifts towards the red end of the
color spectrum.
Shorter- Longer-
moving moving
towards away
us from us
What the Doppler Effect shows us…
Matter in the universe has a RED SHIFT,
which shows it is moving away from us.
Therefore, it appears that the universe is
expanding. The Big Bang could have
caused this expansion.
 What do Quasars indicate….
• If the Big Bang really
happened, the oldest
objects should be at
the edge of the
universe.
• Quasars are very old
objects that give off
large amounts of
energy located at the
edge of the Universe.
 Hubble Telescope
• Hubble telescope a telescope that orbits
the earth outside our atmosphere.
• It provides us with many of the images we
have of space.
• It is an especially useful telescope
because it does not have to view things
through our atmosphere
• The
Milky
Way
Our Sun is
just a small
star in its
main
sequence
among
millions of
other stars in
our galaxy!!!
Jupiter Crab Nebula
The Sombrero Galaxy - 28 million light years from Earth - was voted
best picture taken by the Hubble telescope.

It has 800 billion suns and is 50,000 light years across

The Ant Nebula, a cloud of dust and gas who resembles an
ant when observed using ground-based telescopes. The
nebula lies within our galaxy between 3,000 and 6,000 light
years from Earth
 This picture is called Eskimo because it looks like a face
surrounded by a furry hood. The hood is, in fact, a ring of comet-
shaped objects flying away from a dying star.
Cat's Eye
Nebula
 The
Hourglass
Nebula, 8,000
light years
away, has a
pinched-in-the-
middle look
because the
winds that
shape it are
weaker at the
center
• Cone
Nebula The
part pictured
here is 2.5
light years in
length (the
equivalent
of 23 million
return trips
to the Moon)
• The Perfect Storm, a small region in the Swan
Nebula, 5,500 light years away, described as 'a
bubbly ocean of hydrogen and small amounts of
oxygen, sulphur and other elements'
• Starry Night, so named because it reminded
astronomers of the Van Gogh painting. It is a
halo of light around a star in the Milky Way
• The glowering eyes from 114 million light years
away are the swirling cores of two merging
galaxies called NGC 2207 and IC 2163 in the
distant Canis Major constellation
• The Trifid
Nebula. A
'stellar
nursery',
9,000
light
years
from
here, it is
where
new stars
are being
born
International Space Station