GK c×wZi msL¨v‡K Ab¨

c×wZ‡Z iƒcvন্তi
 ‡Wwmg¨vj n‡Z evBbvwi‡Z
iƒcvš—it
 c×wZ-1: ‡h †Wwmg¨vj msL¨v‡K evBbvwi‡Z iƒcvš—i
Ki‡Z n‡e †mB msL¨v‡K `yB w`qv fvM K‡i fvMdj wb‡P
Ges fvM‡kl Wv‡b wjL‡Z n‡e| Gevi fvMdj‡K Avevi `yB
w`qv fvM K‡i fvMdj wb‡P Ges fvM‡kl Wv‡b wjL‡Z n‡e|
Gfv‡e hZ¶b fvMdj 0 (ïb¨) bv nq ZZ¶b GB cÖwµqv Pj‡Z
_vK‡e| fv‡Mi KvR †kl n‡j bxP n‡Z Dc‡ii w`‡K Aewkó
¸wj‡K wjL‡jB evBbvwi msL¨vwU cvIqv hv‡e|
D`vnib-1t 1710 †K evBbvwi‡Z iƒcvš—i Ki|

2 17
2 8 --- 1
2 4 --- 0
2 2 --- 0
2 1 --- 0
0 --- 1

 wb‡Y©q evBbvwi msL¨v =

100012
D`vnib-2t 1910 †K evBbvwi‡Z iƒcvš—i Ki|

2 19
2 9 --- 1
2 4 --- 1
2 2 --- 0
2 1 --- 0
0 --- 1

 wb‡Y©q evBbvwi msL¨v =

100112
c×wZ-2t

 †h †Wwmg¨vj msL¨v‡K evBbvwi‡Z iƒcvš—i Ki‡Z n‡e

†mB msL¨vwU 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 ... ... avivi
m‡e©v”P ‡h msLvi mgvb ev eo, †mB msL¨vwU‡K
me©ev‡g †i‡L wb浇g H msL¨v¸wj 1 ch©š— wjL‡Z
n‡e| AZci †`L‡Z n‡e cÖ`Ë msL¨vwU †Kvb †Kvb msL¨vi
†hvMd‡ji mgvb| msL¨vwU †h, †h msL¨vi †hvMd‡ji
mgvb †m¸wji wb‡P 1 Avi evwK ¸wji wb‡P 0 wjL‡j †h
evBbvwi msL¨v cvIqv hv‡e ZvnvB wb‡Y©q evBbvwi
msL¨v|
D`vniYt 1710 †K evBbvwi‡Z iƒcvš—i Ki|

16 8 4 2 1
1 0 0 0 1

myZivs 1710 = 100012

D`vniYt 12710 †K evBbvwi‡Z iƒcvš—i Ki|

64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
myZivs 12710 = 11111112
†Wwmg¨vj msL¨v nB‡Z A±vj msL¨vq
iƒcvš—it
 ‡hfv‡e †Wwmg¨vj msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvš—‡ii
Rb¨ evi evi 2 w`‡q fvM Ki‡Z nq †Zgwbfv‡e †Wwmg¨vj
msL¨v‡K evievi 8 (eight) w`‡q fvM K‡i GKB Dcv‡q A±vj
msL¨v †Wwmg¨vj
D`vniYt 423 †K A±vjmsL¨vq iƒcvš—i
msL¨vq Kiv hvq|
iƒcvš—i Ki|
10
8 423
8 52 --- 7
8 6 --- 4
0 --- 6
 wb‡Y©q A±vj msL¨v = 647(8)
†Wwmg¨vj msL¨v nB‡Z †n·
vv‡Wwmg¨vj msL¨vq iƒcvš—it
 ‡hfv‡e †Wwmg¨vj msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvš—‡ii
Rb¨ evi evi 2 w`‡q fvM Ki‡Z nq †Zgwbfv‡e †Wwmg¨vj
msL¨v‡K evievi 16 w`‡q fvM K‡i †n· v†Wwmg¨vj msL¨vq
iƒcvš—i Kiv hvq|
D`vniYt 42310 †K †n· v‡Wwmg¨vj msL¨vq iƒcvš—i Ki|
16 423
16 26 --- 7
16 1 --- 10 -- A
0 --- 1
 wb‡Y©q†n· v‡Wwmg¨vj msL¨v
= 1A7(16)
`kwgK we›`y m¤úbœ `k wfwËK msL¨v‡K Ab¨
c×wZ‡Z iƒcvš—it

`kwgK we›`y m¤úbœ †h †Kvb `k wfwËK msL¨v‡K

Ab¨ c×wZ‡Z iƒcvš—i Ki‡Z n‡j `kwg‡Ki Av‡Mi Ask‡K
c~‡e© D‡jwLZ wbq‡g †h c×wZ‡Z iƒcvš—i Ki‡Z n‡e
Zvi †eR w`‡q evi evi fvM K‡i i~cvš—i Ki‡Z n‡e| Avi
`kwg‡Ki c‡ii Ask‡K †eR w`‡q evi evi ¸Y Ki‡Z n‡e Ges
cÖwZevi ¸‡Yi c‡i `kwgK we›`yi c‡i †h msL¨v n‡e Zv
wjL‡Z n‡e| G cÖwµqv hZ¶Y ch©š— `kwg‡Ki c‡i
kyY¨ bv Av‡m ZZ¶Y ch©š— Pvjv‡Z n‡e|
D`vniYt 17.125(10) †K evBbvwi wm‡ó‡g
iƒcvš—i Ki|
`kwg‡Ki Av‡Mi Askt `kwg‡Ki c‡ii Askt
.125  2 = 0.250 --- 0
2 17 .250  2 = 0.500 --- 0
2 8 --- 1 .500  2 = 1.000 --- 1
2 4 --- 0
2 2 --- 0
2 1 --- 0
0 --- 1

 wb‡Y©q evBbvwi msL¨v =

10001.001(2)
D`vniYt 17.125(10) †K AK±vj wm‡ó‡g
iƒcvš—i Ki|
`kwg‡Ki Av‡Mi Askt `kwg‡Ki c‡ii Askt
.125  8 = 1.000 --- 1
8 17
8 2 --- 1
0 --- 2

 wb‡Y©q AK±vj msL¨v = 21.1(8)

D`vniYt 17.125(10) †K †n· v‡Wwmg¨vj
wm‡ó‡g iƒcvš—i Ki|

`kwg‡Ki Av‡Mi Askt

16 17 .125  16 = 2.000 --- 2
16 1 --- 1
0 --- 1

 wb‡Y©q AKg±vj msL¨v = 11.2(16)

 `k wfwËK msL¨vq iƒcvš—it

‡h †Kvb wfwËi msL¨v‡K †Wwmg¨vj msL¨vq iƒcvš—‡ii

Rb¨ msL¨vwUi me© Wvb w`K n‡Z cÖ_g wWwR‡Ui
NvZ 0, wØZxqwUi NvZ 1, Z…ZxqwUi NvZ 2 GB fv‡e
wjL‡Z n‡e| AZtci cÖwZwU wWwR‡Ui NvZ H msL¨vi
wfwËi Dci a‡i wWwR‡Ui gvb w`‡q ¸b Ki‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡e
me¸wj wWwR‡Ui ¸bdj †hvM Ki‡j D³ msL¨vi `kwfwËK
msL¨v cvIqv hv‡e| Z‡e `kwgK we›`y m¤úbœ msL¨vi
†¶‡Î `kwg‡Ki ev‡gi wWwR‡Ui NvZ 0 Zvi ev‡giwUi NvZ
1 Zvi ev‡gi wUi NvZ 2 Gfv‡e n‡e| Avi `kwg‡Ki Wv‡bi
wUi NvZ -1 , Zvi Wv‡biwUi NvZ -2, Zvi Wv‡bi wUi
NvZ -3 Gfv‡e n‡e| AZci GKB wbq‡g gvb wbY©h K‡i
†hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
D`vniY-1t 10102 †K †Wwmg¨vj msL¨v
iƒcvš—i Ki|

3 2 1 0
1 0 1 0

0  20 = 0  1 = 0
1  21 = 1  2 = 2
0  22 = 0  4 = 0
1  23 = 1  8 = 8
10
 1010(2) = 10(10) Ans.
D`vniY-1t 11012 †K †Wwmg¨vj msL¨v
iƒcvš—i|

3 2 1 0
1 1 0 1

1  20 = 1  1 = 1
0  21 = 0  2 = 0
1  22 = 1  4 = 4
1  23 = 1  8 = 8
13
 1101(2) = 13(10) Ans.
D`vniYt 6478 †K †Wwmg¨vj msL¨v iƒcvš—i
Ki|

2 1 0
6 4 7

7  80 = 7  1 = 7
4  81 = 4  8 = 32
6  82 = 6  64 = 384
423
 647(8) = 423(10) Ans.
D`vniYt 5716 †K †Wwmg¨vj msL¨v iƒcvš—i
Ki|

1 0
5 7

7  160 = 7  1 = 7
5  161 = 5  16 = 32
39

 57(16) = 39(10) Ans.

D`vniY-1t 11.012 †K †Wwmg¨vj msL¨v
iƒcvš—i Ki|

1 0 -1 -2
1 1 . 0 1

1  2-2 = 1  1
4
= 0.25
0  2-1 = 0  1
2
= 0.0
1  20 = 1  1 = 1
1  21 = 1  2 = 2
3.25
 11.01(2) = 3.25(10) Ans.
D`vniY-1t 11.128 †K †Wwmg¨vj msL¨v
iƒcvš—i Ki|

1 0 -1 -2
1 1 . 1 2

2  8-2 = 2  1
64
= 0.03125
1  8-1 = 1  1
8
= 0.125
1  80 = 1  1 = 1
1  81 = 1  8 = 2
9.15625
 11.12(8) = 9.15625(10) Ans.
D`vniY-1t 11.2A16 †K †Wwmg¨vj msL¨v
iƒcvš—i Ki|

1 0 -1 -2
1 1 . 2 A

A  16-2 = 10  256
1
= 00.0390625
1  16-1 = 1  161 = 00.0625
1  160 = 1  1= 1
1  161 = 1 16 = 17
18.1015625
 11.12(16) = 18.1015625(10) Ans.
 evBbvwi msL¨v n‡Z A±vj msL¨vq
iƒcvš—it
‡h evBbvwi msL¨v‡K A±v‡j iƒcvš—i Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi
Wvb w`K n‡Z wZbwU K‡i wWwRU wb‡q MÖ“c
Ki‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡e MÖ“c Kivi mgq †k‡l GKwU
wWwRU Aewkó _vK‡j ev‡g `ywU ïb¨ ewm‡q,
`ywU wWwRU Aewkó _vK‡j GKwU ïb¨ ewm‡q
MÖ“c Ki‡Z n‡e| GLb cÖwZ MÖ“‡ci †Wwmg¨vj
gvb emv‡j †h msL¨v cvIqv hv‡e ZvnvB D³
evBbvwi msL¨vi A±vj msL¨v n‡e|
D`vniYt 1010111(2) †K A±vj msL¨vq iƒcvš—i
Ki|
mgvavb
t
001 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 2 7

 1010111(2) = 127(8) Ans.

D`vniYt 11011001(2) †K A±vj msL¨vq iƒcvš—i
Ki|
mgvavb
t
01 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
3 3 1

 11011001(2) = 331(8) Ans.

 evBbvwi msL¨v n‡Z ‡n·v‡Wwmg¨vj
msL¨vq iƒcvš—it

‡h evBbvwi msL¨v‡K ‡n·v‡Wwmg¨v‡j iƒcvš—i Ki‡Z

n‡e Zvi Wvb w`K n‡Z PviwU K‡i wWwRU wb‡q
MÖ“c Ki‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡e MÖ“c Kivi mgq †k‡l GKwU
wWwRU Aewkó _v‡K‡j ev‡g 3 wU ïb¨ ewm‡q, `ywU
wWwRU Aewkó _vK‡j 2wU ïb¨ ewm‡q, 3 wU
wWwRU Aewkó _vK‡j 1wU ïb¨ ewm‡q MÖ“c Ki‡Z
n‡e| GLb cÖwZ MÖ“‡ci ‡n· v‡Wwmg¨vj gvb emv‡j
†h msL¨v cvIqv hv‡e ZvnvB D³ evBbvwi msL¨vi
†n·v‡Wwmg¨vj msL¨v n‡e|
D`vniYt1011001(2) †K ‡n·v v‡Wwmg¨vj
msL¨vq iƒcvš—i|

mgvavb
t
0 101 1001
5 9

 1011001(2) = 59(16) Ans.

D`vniYt11011001(2) †K ‡n·v v‡Wwmg¨vj msL¨vq
iƒcvš—i|

mgvavb
t
1101 1001
D 9

 11011001(2) = D9(16) Ans.

 A±vj msL¨v‡K evBbvwi‡Z
iƒcvš—it
A±vj msL¨vi cÖwZwU wWwRU‡K wZb
wWwR‡Ui evBbvwi‡Z i“cvš—i Ki‡j †h
evBbvwi msL¨v cvIqv hv‡e ZvnvB D³
A±vj msL¨vi evBbvwi msL¨v|
D`vniYt 357(8) †K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvš—i

mgvavb
t
3 5 7
011 101 111

 357(8) = 011101111(2) Ans.

D`vniYt 720(8) †K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvš—i

mgvavb
t
7 2 0
111 010 000

 720(8) = 111010000(2) Ans.

 ‡n· v‡Wwmg¨vj msL¨v‡K
evBbvwi‡Z iƒcvš—it
‡n· v‡Wwmg¨vj msL¨vi cÖwZwU
wWwRU‡K Pvi wWwR‡Ui evBbvwi‡Z
i“cvš—i Ki‡j †h evBbvwi msL¨v cvIqv
hv‡e ZvnvB D³ ‡n· v‡Wwmg¨vj msL¨vi
evBbvwi msL¨v|
D`vniYt A57(16) †K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvš—i

mgvavb
t
A 5 7
1010 0101 0111

 A57(16) = 101001010111(2) Ans.

D`vniYt 7D3(16) †K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvš—i

mgvavb
t
7 D 3
0111 1101 0011

 7D3(16) = 011111010011(2) Ans.

 Binary Arithmetic
 Addition
 Subtraction
 Multiplication
 Division
 evBbvwi †hvMt

evBbvwi †hvM †Wwmg¨vj †hv‡Mi gZB| †Wwmg¨vj

wm‡ó‡g †hgb †hvM Kivi Rb¨
cÖ_‡g msL¨v `ywUi me©Wv‡bi wWwRU Øq †hvM Kiv
nq |
AZci Zvi ev‡gi Zvici Zvi ev‡gi wWwRU †hvM Kiv nh|
evBbvwi c×wZ‡ZI ZvB Ki‡Z nq|
Avevi `k wfwËK msLvq †hgb `ywU msL¨vi `ywU we‡Ui
†hvM dj 10 n‡j Avgiv 0 wj‡L 1 nv‡Z ivwL †Zgwb `yB wfwËK
msL¨vq †hvMdj 2 n‡j 0 wj‡L nv‡Z GK ivL‡Z nq|
D`vniYt 1101(2) + 1001(2) Gi gvb KZ

mgvav
bt
1 1 0 1
+ 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 0
wb‡Y©q †hvMdj =
10110(2)
D`vniYt 10101(2) + 11011(2) Gi gvb KZ

mgvav
bt
1 0 1 0 1
+ 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0 0 0
wb‡Y©q ‡hvMdj =
110000(2)
 evBbvwi we‡qvMt

evBbvwi we‡qvM †Wwmg¨vj we‡qv‡Mi gZB| †Wwmg¨vj

wm‡ó‡g †hgb we‡qvM Kivi Rb¨
cÖ_‡g msL¨v `ywUi me©Wv‡bi wWwRU Øq‡i Dc‡ii wU
n‡Z bx‡PiwU we‡qvM Ki‡Z nq AZci Zvi ev‡gi Zvici Zvi
ev‡gi wWwRU we‡qvM Ki‡Z nh evBbvwi c×wZ‡ZI ZvB
Ki‡Z nq| Avevi `k wfwËK msLvq †hgb Dc‡ii wWwRUwU
†QvU n‡j Zvi mv‡_ `k †hvM K‡i Zvi ci we‡qvM Ki‡Z nq Ges
Zvi ev‡gi bx‡Pi wWwR‡Ui mv‡_ 1 †hvM Ki‡Z nq †Zgwb
evBbvwi wm‡ó‡gI Dc‡ii wWwRUwU †QvU n‡j Zvi mv‡_
10(2) †hvM K‡i Zvi ci we‡qvM Ki‡Z nq Ges Zvi ev‡gi bx‡Pi
wWwR‡Ui mv‡_ 1 †hvM Ki‡Z nq|
D`vniYt 1011(2) - 0101(2) Gi gvb KZ

mgvav
bt
1 0 1 1
- 0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
wb‡Y©q we†qvMdj =
0110(2)
D`vniYt 11010(2) - 01001(2) Gi gvb KZ

mgvav
bt
11 0 1 0
- 01 0 0 1
10 0 0 1
wb‡Y©q we†qvMdj =
10001(2)
 1’s Complement Metnod

‡h evBbvwi msL¨v we‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi 1's complement

wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e A_©vr 1 †K 0 Ges 0 †K 1 Ki‡Z n‡e|
‡h evBbvwi msL¨v n‡Z we‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi mv‡_ 1's
complement msL¨v †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
hw` Carry 1 _v‡K Z‡e H K¨vwi 1 ev` w`‡q †hvMd‡ji mv‡_
1 †hvM Ki‡j we‡qMdj cvIqv hv‡e|
hw` K¨vwi 0 nq Z‡e †hvMd‡ji Avevi 1's complement ‡ei
K‡i ev‡g (-) we‡qvM wPý w`‡Z n‡e|
D`vniYt 11011(2) - 01101(2) Gi gvb 1's complement
c×wZ‡Z wbY©q Ki|

mgvav
1’sbt
complement of 01101
= 1 0 0 1 0
+ 1 1 0 1 1

1 0 1 1 0 1
K¨vwi ev` w`‡q 1 †hvM Kiv n‡jt
01101 +1 = 011102

wb‡Y©q we†qvMdj =
01110(2)
D`vniYt 0110(2) - 1011(2) Gi gvb 1's complement
c×wZ‡Z wbY©q Ki|

mgvav
1’sbt
complement of1011
= 0 1 0 0
+ 0 1 1 0

0 1 0 1 0
K¨vwi 0 myZivs Avevi 1's complement Ki‡Z
n‡et
1’s complement of 1010 = 0 1 0 1
wb‡Y©q we†qvMdj = -
0101(2)
 2’s Complement Metnod

‡h evBbvwi msL¨v we‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi 2's Complement

wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e ; A_©vr 1's Complement K‡i Zvi mv‡_ 1
†hvM
 Ki‡Z n‡e|msL¨v n‡Z we‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi mv‡_ cÖvß
‡h evBbvwi
2's Complement msL¨v †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
hw` K¨vwi 1 _v‡K Z‡e K¨vwi ev` w`‡j we‡qvMdj cvIqv
hv‡e Ges we‡qvMdj †hvM‡evaK n‡e|
hw` K¨vwi bv _v‡K Z‡e cÖvß †hvMdj‡K Avevi 2's
Complement Ki‡j we‡qvMdj cvIqv hv‡e| G‡¶‡Î cÖvß
we‡qvMdj we‡qvM‡evaK n‡e|
D`vniYt 1011(2) - 0110(2) Gi gvb 2’s complement
c×wZ‡Z wbY©q Ki|

mgvav
2’sbt
complement of 0110
= 1 0 1 0
+ 1 0 1 1

1 0 1 0 1
 K¨vwi 1 ev` w`‡Z n‡e

wb‡Y©q we†qvMdj =
01110(2)
D`vniYt 0101(2) - 1010(2) Gi gvb 2's complement
c×wZ‡Z wbY©q Ki|

mgvav
2’sbt
complement of0101
= 0 1 1 0
+ 0 1 0 1

0 1 0 1 1
K¨vwi 0 myZivs Avevi 2's complement Ki‡Z
n‡et
2’s complement of 1010 = 0 1 0 1
wb‡Y©q we†qvMdj = -
0101(2)
Binary Multiplication 1011  11 = ?

mgvav
bt 1 0 1 1
 1 1
1 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 
1 0 0 0 0 1

wb‡Y©q ¸Ydj = 100001(2)

Binary Division 1111 11 = ?

mgvav
bt 1 11
1
1
1
1 1 1 0 1

1 1
1 0
0

wb‡Y©q fvMdj = 101(2)