 Both Internal combustion engines and External

combustion engines are Known as Heat engines.

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 It is a device which transforms the chemical energy
of a fuel into heat energy and utilizes this energy to
perform useful work.

Classification of Heat Engines:

Heat Engines can be broadly classified into two
categories
1) Internal combustion engine
2) External combustion engine
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1. I.C. Engine:
a) Reciprocating engines
1) Petrol engines
2) Gas engines
3) Diesel engines
b) Rotary engines (gas turbines)
2 E.C. Engine:
a) Reciprocating engines
b) Rotary engines ( Steam turbines) 3
 More compact and occupy less space

 Starting is easy and quick

 Possesses high thermal efficiency

 Simple in design and low initial cost

 Mass of engine per unit power is low

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 1) Type of fuel used
a) Petrol Engine
b) Diesel Engine
c) Gas Engine

 2) Nature of cycle used

a) Otto Cycle
b) Diesel Cycle
c) Dual Combustion Cycle

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 3) No. of Stroke Required
a) Four Stroke Engine
b) Two Stroke Engine
 4) Method of Ignition
a) Spark. Ignition (S.I.) Engine
b) Compression Ignition (C.I.) Engine
 5) No. of Cylinders
a) Single Cylinder Engines
b) Multi Cylinder Engines
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 6) Method of Cooling
a) Air Cooled Engine
b) Water Cooled Engine
 7) Method of Governing
a) Hit and Miss method
b) Quality Governed Engines
c) Quantity Governed Engines
 8) According to valve arrangement
a) over head b) L-head c) T-head d) F-head

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 9) Arrangement of Cylinders
a) Horizontal b) Vertical
c) V- engine d) Inline
e) Radial
f) Opposed
10) Speed of the Engine
a) Low Speed Engine (8.5 m/s)
b) Medium Speed Engine(11m/s)
c) High Speed Engine (14 m/s)

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In line multi cylinder
Engine

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V-type Engine

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Radial Engines

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Opposed cylinder

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Opposed piston

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 11) Application
a) Stationery
b) Marine
c) Locomotive
d) Aircraft
e) Automotive Engines.

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Fig. 1
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I.C.Engine Parts

Fig.2
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The details of the I.C. Engine parts are:
1. Cylinder - It is one of the most important part of the engine, in
which the piston moves to and fro in order to develop power.
The engine cylinder has to withstand a high pressure (more than
50 bar) and temperature (more than 2000 deg C). Thus the
material for the engine cylinder should be such that it can retain
sufficient strength at such a high pressure and temperature. For
ordinary engines, the cylinder is made of ordinary cast iron. But
for heavy duty engines, it is made of steel alloys or aluminum
alloys.
Sometimes, a liner or sleeve is inserted into the cylinder, which
can be replaced when worn out. As the material required for
liner is comparatively small, it cab be made of alloy cast iron
having long life and sufficient resistance to rapid wear and tear
to the fast moving reciprocating parts.
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 2. Cylinder head - It is fitted on one end of the cylinder, and act
as a cover to close the cylinder bore. Generally, the cylinder
head contains inlet and exit valves for admitting fresh charge
and exhausting the burnt gases. In petrol engines, the cylinder
head also contains a spark plug for igniting the fuel-air mixture,
towards the end of compression stroke. But in diesel engines,
the cylinder head contain nozzles, (i.e. fuel valve) for injecting
the fuel into the cylinder.

The cylinder head is cast as one piece and bolted to one end of
the cylinder. The cylinder block and cylinder head are made
from the same material. A copper or asbestos gasket is
provided between the engine cylinder and cylinder head to make
an air-tight joint.

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3. Piston – It is considered as the heart of an I.C. engine, whose
main function is to transmit the force exerted by the burning of
charge to the connecting rod. The piston are generally made of
aluminum alloys which are light in weight. They have good heat
conducting property and also greater strength at higher
temperature.
4. Piston rings – These are circular rings and made of special
steel alloys which retain elastic properties even at high
temperatures. The piston rings are housed in the circumferential
grooves provided on the outer surface of the piston. Generally,
there are two sets of rings mounted for the piston. The function
of the upper rings is to provide air tight seal to prevent leakage
of the burnt gases into the lower portion. Similarly, the function
of the lower rings is to provide effective seal to prevent leakage
of the oil into the engine cylinder.
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5. Connecting rod – It is a link between the piston and
crankshaft, whose main function is to transmit force from the
piston to the crankshaft. Moreover, it converts reciprocating
motion of the piston into circular motion of the crankshaft, in the
working stroke. The upper (i.e. smaller) end of the connecting
rod is fitted to the piston and the lower (i.e. bigger) end of the
crank.

The special steel alloys or aluminium alloys are used for the
manufacture of connecting rods. A special care is required for
the design and manufacture of connecting rod, as it is subjected
to alternatively compressive and tensile stresses as well as
bending stresses.

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 6. Crankshaft – It is considered as the backbone of an I.C.
engine whose function is to covert the reciprocating motion of
the piston into the rotary motion with the help of connecting rod.
This shaft contains one or more eccentric portions called cranks.
This part of the crank, to which bigger end of the connecting rod
is fitted, is called crank pin. Special steel alloys are used for the
manufacture of crankshaft. A special care is required for the
design and manufacture of crankshaft
7. Crank case – It is a cast iron case, which holds the cylinder
and crankshaft of an I.C. engine. It also serves as a sump for the
lubricating oil. The lower portion of the crank case is known as
bed plate, which is fixed with the help of bolts.
8. Flywheel – It is a big wheel, mounted on the crankshaft,
whose function is to maintain its speed constant. It is done by
storing excess energy during power stroke, which, is returned
during other stroke.

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 Cylinder Block

 Basic frame of gasoline

engine.
 Contains the cylinder.

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 Cylinder head

Part that covers and encloses the

Cylinder.

It contains cooling fins or water jackets

and the valves.

Some engines contains the cam shaft

in the cylinder head.

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 Piston

A movable part fitted into a

cylinder, which can receive and
transmit power.

Through connecting rod, forces

the crank shaft to rotate.

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 Connecting Rod

Attaches piston (wrist-pin)

to the crank shaft (conn. rod
caps).

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 Crankshaft

Converts up and down or

reciprocating motion into
circular or rotary motion.

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 Valves
Valves: Minimum
Two Valves pre Cylinder

•Exhaust Valve lets the exhaust gases escape the combustion

Chamber. (Diameter is smaller then Intake valve)

•Intake Valve lets the air or air fuel mixture to enter the
combustion chamber. (Diameter is larger than the exhaust valve)

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 Cam shaft
Cam Shaft: The shaft that has intake and
Exhaust cams for operating the valves.

Cam Lobe: Changes rotary motion

into reciprocating motion.

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 Fly wheel
Flywheel

Attached to the crankshaft

Reduces vibration

Cools the engine (air cooled)

Used during initial start-up

Transfers power from engine to

drivetrain
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Fig. Terms relating I.C. engines
 Terms relating to I.C. Engines
The various terms relating to I.C. engines are elaborated in Fig.
1. Bore – The inside diameter of the cylinder is called bore.
2. Stroke – As the piston reciprocates inside the engine cylinder,
it has got limiting upper and lower positions beyond which it
cannot move and reversal of motion takes place at these limiting
positions. The linear distance along the cylinder axis between
two limiting positions, is called stroke.
3. Top Dead Centre (T.D.C.) – The top most position towards
cover end side of the cylinder is called “top dead centre”. In
case of horizontal engines, this is known as inner dead centre.
4. Bottom Dead Centre – The lowest position of the piston
towards the crank end side of the cylinder is called “bottom
dead centre”. In case of horizontal engines it is called outer
dead centre.
 Terms relating to I.C. Engines
5. Clearance volume – The volume contained in the cylinder
above the top of the piston, when the piston is at top dead
centre, is called the clearance volume.
6. Swept volume – The volume swept through by the piston in
moving between top dead centre and bottom dead centre, is
called swept volume or piston displacement. Thus, when piston
is at bottom dead centre,
Total volume = swept volume + clearance volume.
Four stroke I.C Engine – Features:

 For each stroke of the piston crank shaft moves

through 1800.

 The crank shaft moves through 7200 or complete 2

revolutions for each cycle.

 There will be only one power stroke, for every two

revolutions of the crank shaft

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Line diagram of 4-stroke petrol engine

Fig 1
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Engine cycle is completed in 2
revolutions of the Crankshaft.

The 2 revolutions constitute the

following four strokes.
It consists of
1) Suction Stroke
2) Compression Stroke
3) Expansion Stroke
4) Exhaust Stroke Fig 2

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 outlet valve Inlet valve

During the suction stroke

1) Inlet valve opens.
2) Outlet valve closes.
3) Piston moves downwards.
4) Vacuum is created in the
cylinder.
5) The Air Fuel mixture is sucked
into the cylinder.
Fig 3

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1) Both the valves are closed.
2) Piston moves upwards.
3) The charge is compressed .
4) pressure and temperature
will be increased.
5) The charge is ignited by the
Spark given by Spark Plug.
6) Combustion takes place at
constant volume.
Fig 4

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1) Both the valves are closed.

2) Heat Energy is released due

to combustion of fuel.

2) High pressure gas expands.

3) Piston is pushed downwards

Fig 5
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1) Inlet valve closes

2) Exhaust valve opens.

3) Piston moves upwards

4) The exhaust or waste gases

are sent out.

Fig 6

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 The Important strokes of this engine are
1) Suction Stroke
2) Compression Stroke
3) Expansion Stroke
4) Exhaust Stroke

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 Working of 4-stroke C.I engine

cylinder

piston

Connecting
rod

Fig 1
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 During the Suction
Stroke
1) Only air is sucked in to
the cylinder.
2) Inlet valve is opened.
3) Exhaust valve is
closed.
4) Piston moves
downwards. 47
During the Compression Stroke
1) Both valves are closed.
2) Piston moves upwards
compressing the air.
3) Fuel is Injected at the end
of stroke.
4) Due to high temperature
inside the cylinder the fuel is
ignited and releases heat energy

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 During the
Expansion Stroke
1) Both the valves
are closed.
2) Piston moves
downwards due to
high pressure and
temperature inside
the
cylinder.
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 During the Exhaust Stroke
1) Inlet valve is closed.
2) Exhaust valve is
opened.
3) Piston moves upwards.
4) Burnt gases escape
through exhaust valve
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Two stroke petrol engine features:
 Unlike four stroke petrol engine two stroke engine have

ports in place of valves.

 All the operations of suction, compression expansion&

exhaust are completed in one revolution(3600 ) of crank

shaft.

 There will be one power stroke for each revolution of

the crank shaft.

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52
Engine Operation

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Engine Operation

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 2- Stroke Engine 4- Stroke Engine

1) Ports are provided. requires Valves

2) All the events are All the events are
completed in 2 strokes completed in 4
of the Piston (or) One strokes (or) two
revolution of crank. revolutions of crank.
3) Torque is more uniform. Less uniform.
4) S.F.C. is more. S.F.C. is less.
5) Low thermal efficiency. High thermal efficiency
6) Employed in light Employed in Heavy duty
duty vehicles. Vehicles.

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 Comparison of 2 stroke & 4 stroke cycle engines

7) One power stroke for One power stroke for

each revolution of crank two revolutions of crank
shaft shaft
8) Scavenging is less Scavenging is more
effective effective
9) Lighter fly wheel is Heavier fly wheel is
sufficient required

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 Petrol engine Diesel engine
1) Works on Otto Cycle. Works on Diesel Cycle.
2) Petrol and Gaseous Diesel, Heavy oils.
fuels are used.
3) Low C.R. i.e.,10:1. High C.R. i.e.,16:1-22:1.
4) Spark Ignition. Compression Ignition.
5) Low thermal Efficiency High thermal efficiency.
6) Initial cost is low. Initial cost is high.
7) High maintenance Low maintenance cost.
cost.
8) Applied for light duty Applied for heavy duty
vehicles. vehicles.

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 The valve timing diagram represents the opening and
closing of valves with reference to the position of
piston and crank.

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Theoretically
 Inlet valve opens at T.D.C and closes at B.D.C
instantaneously.
 Exhaust valve opens at B.D.C and closes at T.D.C
instantaneously.
But
 Due to inertia of fuel mixture and valve mechanism
instantaneous opening and closing of valves is not
possible.
Hence
 Actual valve timing diagram is different from theoretical
valve timing diagram
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 Valve Timing Diagram For 4 Stroke Petrol
Engine
 The actual valve timing
diagram for 4- stroke petrol
engine is shown in fig.
Inlet valve:
 It opens 10 to200 before T.D.C
 remains open 1800 of

normal suction stroke

 and closes 300 to 400 after
B.D.C

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 Valve Timing Diagram For 4 Stroke Petrol
Engine
 Suction period
 =10+180+30
 =2200 (if I.V. opens
100before TDC and closes
after 300 BDC)
 Compression period
 =180-30=1500

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 Valve Timing Diagram For 4 Stroke Petrol
Engine
 Exhaust Valve:
 Opens 300to 500 before
BDC
 Remains open 1800 of
normal exhaust stroke
 And closes 100 to 150 after
TDC

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 Valve Timing Diagram For 4 Stroke Petrol
Engine
 Now,
 Exhaust period
 = 30+180+10
 = 2200
 Power period
 = 180-30 = 1500

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 Valve Timing Diagram For 4 Stroke Petrol
Engine

 Angle of overlap:
 During certain part of
cycle both inlet and outlet
valves are open. This
period of angle is known
as Angle of overlap.

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 Valve Timing Diagram For 4 Stroke Diesel
Engine
 In Diesel engine the fuel
valve opens
 10 to 15 degrees before
TDC
 15 to 20 degrees after
TDC
Period of fuel injection
= 25 to 35 degrees.

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