Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Climate Change
Climate Change
Overpopulation
Renewable Energy
© www.RTI.org
© www.RTI.org
m = 5.04 g
n = 0.25 mole
V = 45 ml
chemical plant
© C&EN
m = 5.04 g
n = 0.25 mole
V = 45 ml
No lab coat!
�
chemical plant
© C&EN
m = 5.04 g
n = 0.25 mole
V = 45 ml
© C&EN
flow
Fuel hose
Flow (volumetric flow – ‘V-dot’)
Flow of liquid
△V
Flow of liquid
△m
Flow of liquid
△m
Flow of liquid
△m
Flow of liquid
△m
Brewing beer
© beerconnoisseur.com
Monash Student Team: Brewlab (initiated by Chemical Engineering Department)
Monash Student Team: Brewlab (Chemical Engineering Department)
https://www.monashbrewlab.com
https://www.facebook.com/MonashBrewLab/
Batch processes versus continuous flow processes
Brewing beer
© beerconnoisseur.com © gtreview.com
Batch processes versus continuous flow processes
© beerconnoisseur.com © gtreview.com
Continuous flow processes – example - crude oil refinery
Distillation
Gasoline, diesel, natural gas
Asphalt, paraffin
Asphalt, paraffin
© steemkr.com
Batch processes versus continuous flow processes
Continuous flow process example:
Distillation Process
Batch processes versus continuous flow processes
Continuous flow process example:
Input stream
Output streams
Distillation Process
Batch processes versus continuous flow processes
Input stream
Output streams
Mass balance in systems without accumulation
=0
Mass balance in systems without accumulation
‘System’
Process Flow diagrams
‘System’
Process Flow diagrams
stream 1
stream 2 stream 3
‘System’
stream 4
gas
gasoline
kerosine
Crude oil Distillation diesel
fuel oil
paraffin
Law of conservation of mass
Power generation
Pumped storage hydroelectric power station
Power storage
Source:
Climatecouncil.org.au
https://environmentvictoria.org.au/2018/04/30/victoria-edge-clean-energy-revolution/
Negative Electricity Prices – example: California
• As we source an increasing
time of the day
amount of electricity from solar
Source: Mark Rothleder – conference slides California ISO
www.eia.gov/conference/2016/pdf/presentations/rothleder.pdf
cells oversupply is now more likely
to occur in the middle of the day
Snowy Hydro 2.0 – the Facts
• Pumped storage hydroelectric power station in the Snowy Mountains
• Price tag: $3.8 billion - $4.5 billion
• First power generation: 2024
• Capacity (generation and storage): source: SBS
system
Exercise
upper
reservoir
lower
reservoir
Example: system without accumulation
Water desalination plant
(a 2 component system)
Water supply – Example Cape Town (SA)
25/07/18
508 Gl
x
https://www.aquasure.com.au/pipeline-powerline
victoriasdesalinationplant-present.blogspot.com.au
Wonthaggi Desalination Plant
Factsheet:
Announced: 2007 (Melbourne water storage were then at 29% capacity)
Completed: 2012 (Melbourne water storage were then at 81% capacity)
Cost: 4 billion $ ($770 per capita)
Energy Consumption: 3 kWh / kL of drinking water
Capacity: 150 GL/year
The cost to desalinate seawater to drinking water quality is $1.50 - $5.00 /kL compared to
$0.30 – $0.90 /kL for drinking water from dams
Diffusion
• Molecules in liquids and gasses at room
temperature are continuously performing
random movement in all directions of space
(Brownian motion).
• In systems with concentration gradients this
random movement will result in directional
movement along the gradient.
• The end result of this diffusion process is a
homogeneously mixed solution with equal
concentrations everywhere
• This always happens spontaneously. We can
never observe the reverse process in nature.
• Why? => you will learn in your
thermodynamics class in 2nd semester.
Osmosis
Experiment:
• a semitransparent membrane
separates a high concentration
sugar solution and distilled water
• We observe the diffusion of water
concentrated through the membrane into the
salt or sugar
solution
concentrated sugar solution
semipermeable
membrane
distilled water
Osmosis
Water will diffuse into the sugar solution even against an external pressure
(here: the hydrostatic pressure of the sugar solution rising in a tube)
osmotic
pressure
concentrated
salt or sugar
solution
semipermeable
membrane
distilled water
Osmosis
H2O
H2O + + -
- +
- - H2O
+ +
-
H2O
H2O
Jelly Bean (Gelatine = polypeptide gel)
H2O
-
H2O + In pure water -
+ - +
- + -
-
- - H2O
+ + + +
- -
H2O
H2O
Jelly Bean (Gelatine = polypeptide gel)
+ - + - + - + + - + - + - +
- - -
- - - -
- - -
+ - -
+ + +
+ + + + +
- + + + + - +
+ - + - In salt water + -
+ - + + - -
- - + -
+ - - + +
- - + - - -
+ - + - +
-
- + + - + + -
- + -
+ + +
- + - + - + - +
+ - + - + - + -
Osmosis and reverse osmosis
Osmosis
• Osmosis describes the diffusion process through a semipermeable membrane
• This membrane is permeable for e.g. the solvent molecules (i.e. water) but not for the solutes
(i.e. salt or sugar)
• ‘mixing’ of the 2 solutions with different concentrations can only happen by diffusion of solvent
molecules from the side of lower concentration to the side with higher concentration.
• The driving forces for the mixing process will drive this type of mixing process even against a
moderate external pressure.
Reverse Osmosis
• High external pressures applied to the high-concentration solution can reverse the natural
osmosis process.
• This results in solvent (i,e. water) molecules passing through the membrane from the high
concentration side (i.e. sea water) to the low concentration side (drinking water).
• This effect is applied in modern water desalination plants
source: Green Living
Reverse osmosis – water desalination
sea water
(high pressure) brine
H2O H2O H2O
water
semipermeable
membrane
Wonthaggi Desalination Plant
• Capacity: 150GL/year
• 40 % (mass) of the sea water that enters the plant is extracted as fresh
water. The rest flows back to the sea.
• The salt mass fraction in sea water is 0.035.
no accumulation !!!
Task 3: Component Mass balance
Sea
Sea Desalination drinking water
Bass Desalination Plant
Plant
Bass Strait
Strait
= the mass flow of pure salt that comes into the plant with the sea water intake
= the mass flow of pure salt that leaves the plant as fresh water
= the mass flow of pure salt that flows back to the ocean as brine
Task 3: Component Mass balance
Sea
Sea Desalination drinking water
Bass Desalination Plant
Plant
Bass Strait
Strait
= the mass flow of water (pure H2O) that comes into the plant with the sea water intake
= the mass flow of water (pure H2O) that leaves the plant as fresh water
= the mass flow of water (pure H2O) that flows back from the plant to the ocean as brine
Task 3: Component Mass balance
no accumulation !!!
No chemical reaction
Wonthaggi Desalination Plant
• Capacity: 150GL/year
• 40 % (mass) of the sea water that enters the plan is extracted as fresh water
• The salt mass fraction in sea water is 0.035.
Task 4: Calculate the average mass flow of fresh water in kg per second.
Task 5: Calculate the overall mass flows and all component mass flows for all the streams in kg per second.
Component 1:
Component 2:
Task 4: mass flow of drinking water
• Capacity: 150GL/year
• 40 % (mass) of the sea water that enters the plant is extracted as fresh
water
• The salt mass fraction in sea water is 0.035.
Task 4: calculate the average mass flow of fresh water in kg per second
150 GL/year = 150 109 l/year = 1.5 1011 l/year
= 1.5 1011 l/year / (365 days/year *24h/day * 60 min/h*60 s/min) =
= 4,800 l/sec (about 26 full bathtubs a second!)
= 4,800 kg/sec
Task 5: component mass flow balance
• Capacity: 150GL/year
• 40 % (mass) of the sea water that enters the plant is extracted as fresh water
• The salt mass fraction in sea water is 0.035.
?
?
Task 5: component mass flow balance
• Capacity: 150GL/year
• 40 % (mass) of the sea water that enters the plant is extracted as fresh water
• The salt mass fraction in sea water is 0.035.
? ? :
0
Task 5: component mass flow balance
• Capacity: 150GL/year
• 40 % (mass) of the sea water that enters the plan is extracted as fresh water
• The salt mass fraction in sea water is 0.035.
:
?
?
Task 5: component mass flow balance
• Capacity: 150GL/year
• 40 % (mass) of the sea water that enters the plant is extracted as fresh water
• The salt mass fraction in sea water is 0.035.
? :
?
Task 5: component mass flow balance
• Capacity: 150GL/year
• 40 % (mass) of the sea water that enters the plant is extracted as fresh water
• The salt mass fraction in sea water is 0.035.
6,780
6,780 all the salt that is flowing into the plant with the
? seawater must flow out with the brine:
Task 5: component mass flow balance
• Capacity: 150GL/year
• 40 % (mass) of the sea water that enters the plant is extracted as fresh water
• The salt mass fraction in sea water is 0.035.
success!
Mass fraction of salt in the brine?
Task 6: What is the mass fraction of
salt in the brine that flows back into the
sea?
Answers:
1) 0.035
2) 0.058
3) 0.070
4) 0.60 flux.qa/XPCZFC
5) none of the above
Task 5: component mass flow balance
• Capacity: 150GL/year
• 40 % (mass) of the sea water that enters the plant is extracted as fresh water
• The salt mass fraction in sea water is 0.035.
:
Example: Blood Dialysis
• The Kidney does an amazing job in removing
waste products such as urea and excess water
from the blood.
• Patients with kidney malfunction typically need to
frequently undergo blood dialysis where blood
(with waste products) is taken from the patient
and pumped through a dialyzer.
• In a dialyzer 2 inverted streams of (1) blood and
(2) a dialysate are separated by a
semipermeable membrane.
• This membrane allows water, ions and small
molecules such as urea to pass from the blood
into the dialysate.
• The membrane is impermeable for red and white
image source: Advin Healthcare
blood cells and large proteins (such as
antibodies) contained in the blood.
Example: Blood Dialysis
urea
=> see Worksheet Booklet: question 2, week ( a waste product of protein
synthesis in the body)
Mass balance – The word’s challenges today
Global disappearance of glaciers
watch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9mhtzkXO5SM
image source: http://www.antarcticglaciers.org
Exercise
Glacier
Glacier: seasonable mass balance flow rates
ablation = dissipation/loss
image modified from: http://www.antarcticglaciers.org
Cumulative mass balance
Cumulative glacier mass balance since
1960 in tons per area (m2) of glacier1.
Answers:
Answer 1: 39 cm
Answer 2: 33 m
Answer 3: 39 m
Answer 4: 3.3 m
36
Answer 5: 36 cm
Answer 6: none of the above
Answers:
Answer 1: 39 cm
Answer 2: 33 m
Answer 3: 39 m !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Answer 4: 3.3 m
- 36
Answer 5: 36 cm
Answer 6: none of the above
deaccumulation of
ice within the global
ice sheet
Ice-Sheet Mass Balance
accumulation of
deaccumulation of
water in the oceans
ice within the global
ice sheet
Global Warming – Impact on Asia’s Glaciers
Glacier Mass Loss (Asian Glaciers) EOC in %