Media and Information

Sources
Specific Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the learners must be able to:
• Demonstrate ability to examine and compare information
from various sources in order to evaluate its reliability,
accuracy, authority, timeliness and bias.
• Determine accuracy, reliability, and value of information by
questioning the source of data, the limitations of the
information gathering tools or strategies, and the rationale
of the conclusions.
WAR ON DRUGS

WHERE CAN YOU FIND RELEVANT INFORMATION?

Definition of Terms (Keywords)

• Reliability of information
Definition of Terms (Keywords)

• Reliability of information
- Information is said to be reliable if it can be verified
and evaluated.
- Others refer to the trustworthiness of the source in
evaluating the reliability of information.
 Accuracy of information
• Accuracy refers to the closeness of the report
to the actual data.
◦Measurement of accuracy varies, depending
on the type of information being evaluated.
Value of information
Value of information
- Information is said to be of value if it aids the
user in making or improving decisions.
Authority of the source
 Authority of the source
◦Much of the information we gather daily do not come from a
primary source but are passed on through secondary sources
such as writers, reporters, and the like.
◦Sources with an established expertise on the subject matter are
considered as having sound authority on the subject.
Timeliness
 Timeliness
◦Reliability, accuracy, and value of information may vary
based on the time it was produced or acquired. While a
piece of information may have been found accurate,
reliable, and valuable during the time it was produced, it
may become irrelevant and inaccurate with the passing of
time (thus making it less valuable). Other information
may be timeless, proven to be the same in reliability,
accuracy, and value throughout history.
LIBRARY
LIBRARY
Collection of sources of
information and similar
resources, made accessible to a
defined community for reference
or borrowing. - Includes books,
periodicals, newspapers,
manuscripts, maps, periodicals,
journals, and etc.
 Types of Libraries: 4 Groups
•1. Academic Library (University Based/Higher learning)
•2. Public Library (Government Sponsored)
•3. School (Typical School Libraries)
•4. Special - A special library is a library that provides specialized information
resources on a particular subject, serves a specialized and limited clientele,
and delivers specialized services to that clientele.
Example: Botanical Library – library for Botanists or those who studies
flowers and plants

◦These libraries may be digital or physical form

What should we know when we use the library?
What should we know when we use the library?
• The access tool to use
What should we know when we use the library?
• The access tool to use
• How the information being accessed may be classified
What should we know when we use the library?
• The access tool to use
• How the information being accessed may be classified
• The depth of details required--some libraries provide only
an abstract of the topic
What should we know when we use the library?
• The access tool to use
• How the information being accessed may be classified
• The depth of details required--some libraries provide only
an abstract of the topic
• More detailed information might require membership or
some conformity to set rules of the source (ex databases).
 Characteristics of libraries in terms of
reliability, accuracy and value
◦Libraries of published books are
often considered highly reliable,
accurate, and valuable. Books and
documents from dominant sources
are often peer reviewed. ISSN or
ISBN registration ensures that
standards were followed in
producing these materials.
Assignment:

1. Find a news article or information found on the

internet.
2. Summarize the information
3. Characterize the internet information in terms of
reliability, accuracy, value, timeliness, and authority
of the source
INTERNET
It allows user-to-user
communication and transfer of
data files from one computer to
another on the network.
An electronic
communications network that
connects computer networks
and organizational computer
facilities around the world.
INTERNET
. Information found on the Internet may be quite varied in
form and content. Thus, it is more difficult to determine its
reliability and accuracy. Accessing information on the
Internet is easy, but requires more discipline to check and
validate. Factual and fictitious data are often merged
together. Sources always have to be validated.
TYPES OF MEDIA ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
RADIO AND
TELEVISION
WORLD WIDE
WEB
SOCIAL MEDIA
TYPES OF MEDIA ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
RADIO AND Quickly spreads Short and has to
TELEVISION messages/news be repeated
Quantity of
WORLD WIDE No quality control
information 24/7
WEB over data
interaction
Information
Information
SOCIAL MEDIA updated
control
frequently
 Ways not to get fooled by some
netizens
Use your creativity to produce at least 5
rules in acquiring information from the
internet.
Ways not to get fooled by some netizens
The skills in determining the reliability of
information:
a. Check the author. The author’s
willingness to be identified is a good
indication of reliability.
Ways not to get fooled by some netizens

b. Check the date of publication or of update.

While the information may be true, it may not
be reliable if it is outdated and may have lost
relevance.
Ways not to get fooled by some netizens

c. Check for citations. Reliable authors

have the discipline of citing sources of their
information.
Ways not to get fooled by some netizens
d. Check the domain or owner of the site or page. The
domains .edu and .gov are reserved for academic
institutions and the government respectively. Information
from such sites are presented with caution and are usually
well-grounded. Site owners may have an agenda that
affects the manner by which information is presented.
Ways not to get fooled by some netizens

e. Check the site design and the writing

style. Credible sources take time to make
their information accessible and easy to
comprehend.
Is it accurate?
The skills in determining accurate information:
a. Look for facts.
b. Cross-reference with other sources to check for consistency.
c. Determine the reason for writing and publishing the
information. Check if the author is objective or leaning heavily
on a certain point of view.
d. Check for advertising. Advertisers may use related
information to market their product.
Whang-Od:
The Last
Tattoo
Artist
They would cut off their enemies’ heads and as a
reward they would be inked with magnificent tattoos
that exude valiance when they return triumphantly
to their village. The females also received tattoos as
a rite of passage and symbol of beauty. Their tattoos
transform girls into women; the women thereafter
become eligible for marriage and bearing children.
The more tattoos women had, the more attractive
they were to the men in the village. Some elders
believed that the tattoos could also cure infertility
and various illnesses.
Indigenous group (katutubo or natives)

Indigenous - native; local; originating or

produced naturally in a particular region.
 INDIGENOUS Knowledge

Knowledge that is unique to a given culture or society;

most often it is not written down
 INDIGENOUS MEDIA
Media owned, controlled, and managed by indigenous
people in order for them to develop and produce locally
appropriate information in the languages understood by
community by utilizing indigenous materials and resources,
reflecting community needs and interests, visions and
aspirations, and independent from vested interest groups”
(Indigenous Media, Freedom of Expression and Right to any form of media that is:
Created and controlled by the community for the community, about the community, by
the community)
 INDIGENOUS MEDIA
Indigenous media and information - original
information created by a local group of people. This
also refers to content about indigenous peoples that
may be distributed through dominant forms of media
or through forms of communication unique to their
people group.
Indigenous Communication

transmission of information through local channels or

forms. It is a means by which culture is preserved,
handed down, and adapted.
INDIGENOUS MEDIA

CHARACTERISTICS
•Oral tradition of communication
•Information are stored in memories
•Information passed orally from person to
person
Popular media cannot reach some rural
areas. While print, broadcast, and new
media have a wide reach, there are still
areas that these forms of media have
not reached.
 Indigenous media and information are
highly credible because they are near
the source and are seldom circulated for
profit.
 Indigenous media are channels for
change, education, and development
because of its direct access to local
channels.
 Ignoring indigenous media and
information can result in development
and education programs that are
irrelevant and ineffective.
Forms of indigenous media and their local
examples:

a. Folk or traditional media

b. Gatherings and social organizations
c. Direct observation
d. Records - may be written, carved, or oral e.
Oral instruction
5 AREAS TO CHECK INFORMATION:

Reliability of information
Accuracy of information
Value of information
Authority of the source
Timeliness
The article read by Mark
seems to have a lot of
grammatical errors.
The article taken from the
internet was already
updated 5 times within the
day.
When it comes to weather
forecasts Rina makes sure
that she reads it from
PAGASA.
Jerry goes to multiple sites
first before deciding on
getting information for his
assignment.
Doctor Cruz always watch
the Department of Health
weekend show to be
updated on his expertise.
Collection of sources of information and
similar resources, made accessible to a
defined community for reference or
borrowing. - Includes books, periodicals,
newspapers, manuscripts, maps,
periodicals, journals, and etc.
 It allows user-to-user communication and
transfer of data files from one computer to
another on the network.
An electronic communications network
that connects computer networks and
organizational computer facilities around the
world.
Knowledge that is unique to a given
culture or society; most often it is not
written down
native; local; originating or produced
naturally in a particular region.
media owned, controlled, and managed
by indigenous people
ALTERNATIVE MEDIA
Alternative media are media that differ from
established or dominant types of media in
terms of their content, production, or
distribution. Alternative media take many forms
including print, audio, video, Internet and street
art
MAINSTREAM MEDIA
Mainstream media is everywhere, and
encompasses television, print, radio and
certainly the internet, in the form of online
publications.
 ALTERNATIVE MEDIA
There are plenty of alternative media examples, but
there isn’t one specific definition of alternative media.
For the most part, definitions of alternative media
and the alternative press are less concerned with
describing what the alternative media is and more
preoccupied with describing what it is not.
 ALTERNATIVE MEDIA
It is not mainstream, for example, and neither is it
corporate owned.
 Is it corporate owned? What is its content (news that is
either repressed or misreported by the mainstream
media)? How is it produced and distributed (the internet is
the most popular outlet for alternative media)? Does it
seek some kind of political or social change? Is it intended
to generate a profit?
 ALTERNATIVE MEDIA
A key difference between mainstream media and
alternative media is that all of mainstream media is
profit-oriented, while a number of alternative media
houses are not profit oriented as a means to avoid
conflict of interest in their objectivity.
 ALTERNATIVE MEDIA
You will find alternative media is mostly polarized
and appeals to a typically small subsection of the
population, being less interested in what entertains or
informs the majority of the population.
Some alternative media publications are
sensationalist in nature and are considered tabloids,
while others are considered to be full of conspiracy
theories.
 ALTERNATIVE MEDIA
Other alternative forms of communication and
distribution have become popular. These include
social media, blogs, and flash mob performances.
These alternative forms provide greater freedom and
power to ordinary individuals and are a quicker way of
distributing information. The downside is that a lot of
the information being passed around is biased and
inaccurate.
 ALTERNATIVE MEDIA
https://smallbusiness.chron.com/mainstream-vs-
alternative-media-21113.html
Verifying NEWS
Conclusion:
While it may be difficult to fully determine
the reliability, accuracy, value, and timeliness
of any information, as well as the authority
of the source, literacy in media and
information benefits from the development
of these skills.
Assignment:
1. Identify information about their local community.
2. Identify the possible source of this information and to write their answers
down in their notebook.
3. The students will be meeting guests from the local community in the next
meeting. The class will interview the guests on indigenous media and
information.
4. Prepare for next week by writing questions that they would like to ask the
guests. Tell them that they will be called at random to ask the guest their
questions, and that questions may not be repeated