Dr. Almurdi, DMM.

, MKes
 Informasi ginjal dan saluran
◦ Adanya sel darah (eritrosit, leukosit)
◦ Adanya silinder, kristal

 Informasi diluar saluran kemih

◦ Pankreas : pemeriksaan glukosa
◦ Hati dan sal empedu : bilirubin
◦ Paratiroid : kalsium urin
 Urine is a biohazardous substance
 Gloves should be worn
 Specimen must be collected in clean, dry,
leak-proof containers :
◦ Disposable containers are recommended
◦ Wide mouth
◦ Clear material
◦ Labeled with (name, age, location, number, date
and time of collection)
 Additional information :
◦ Method of collection
◦ Type of specimen
◦ Interfering medication
◦ Patient’s clinical information
◦ Time the specimen is received in lab
◦ Improperly labeled and collected
specimens should be rejected by Lab
 Random specimen
◦ Most commonly specimen
◦ Useful for routine screening to detect
obvious abnormalities
 First morning specimen
◦ For pregnancy test
◦ For evaluating orthostatic proteinuria
◦ Assuring detection of chemicals and
elements
◦ Deliver to the lab within 2 hours
 2-hour Postprandial
◦ Collect a specimen 2 hours after eating
◦ The specimen is tested for glucose, the results are
used for monitoring insulin theraphy in DM
◦ Corresponding blood glucose tests
 24-hour (time) specimen
◦ Timed specimen must be used to produce accura-
te quantitative results
◦ Upon its arrival in the Lab, specimen must be
thoroughly mixed and volume measured and
recorded
 Catheterized specimen
◦ Is collected under sterile conditions by
catheter through urethra into the bladder
◦ Bacterial culture and routine urinalysis
 Midstream CC specimen
◦ MSU provides a safer, less traumatic method
◦ Urine for bacterial culture
◦ Cleansing material (mild antiseptic), sterile
container, instructions for cleansing and
voiding.
 Organic
◦ Urea (25-35 g)
◦ Creatinin (1.5 g)
◦ Uric acid ( 0.4 – 1.0 g)
◦ Hippuric acid (0.7 g)
◦ Others ( 2.9 g)
 Inorganic
◦ Sodium chloride (15.0 g)
◦ Potassium (3.3 g)
 Inorganic
◦ Sulfate (2.5 g)
◦ Phosphate (2.5 g)
◦ Ammonium (0.7 g)
◦ Magnesium (0.1 g)
◦ Calcium (0.3 g)
 Specific Gravity
◦ Expected values 1.003 to 1.030 (1.010
and 1.025)
◦ Highest in the first morning specimen
◦ Low SG :
 Diabetes insipidus (1.001 and 1.003)
 Glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis
High SG :
Excessive loss of water (sweating,
fever, vomitting, and diarrhea)
Hepatic disease, adrenal
insufficiency, congestive cardiac
failure
 Appearance
◦ Color :
 Bile pigments
 Hemoglobin
◦ Odors :
 Ammoniacal odor
 Fruity odor : DM
 Foul-smelling : UTI
◦ Turbidity :
 Normal is usually clear or transparent
 Colorless  Polyuria, DI, DM
 Amber orange  Bilirubin, nitrofurant
 Yellow brown  Bilirubin to biliverdin
 Green  Pseudomonas infect
 Pink red  RBC, hemoglobin,
rifampin, menstrual
 Brown black  RBC oxidized,
metronidazole,
methyldopa
 Squamous epithelial cells
 Mucus
 Amorphous phosphates, carbonates
 Semen
 Fecal contamination
 Vaginal cream
 Red blood cells
 White blood cells
 Bacteria
 Yeast
 Abnormal crystals
 Lipids
 Volume
◦ Normal volume of urine voided in a 24-
hour period ranges from 750 – 2000 ml.
The average is about 1500 ml.
◦ Related to :
 Fluid intake / loss
 Temperature and climate
 Amount of perspiration
 Secretion of ADH
 Polyuria
◦ Associated with DM and DI
◦ Chronic renal disease
◦ Chilling of the body
◦ Nervousness
◦ Induced by the use of :
 Diuretics medication
 Diuretic drink (coffee, tea, alcohol)
 Oliguria
◦ As a result of excessive water loss from
vomiting, diarrhea, perspiration, severe
burns.
◦ Obstruction to the urinary flow.
◦ Increase ingestion of salt.
◦ Leading to anuria
 Color  Oxidation
 Clarity  Bacterial growth
 Odor  Multiplication of bact
 pH  Breakdown urea
 Glucose  Glycolysis, bact use
 Ketones  Volatilization
 Bilirubin  Photo oxidation
 Nitrite  Nitrate reducing bact
 RBC and WBC  Disintegration
 Refrigeration  Does not interfere
with chemical test
 Prevent bacterial
growth and metab
 Thymol  Preserves glucose
and sediment
 Boric acid  Preserves protein,
can be used for
culture transport
 Formalin  Sediment preservat
 Toluene  Does not interfere
with routine tests
 Sodium fluoride  Prevents glycolysis
 Phenol  Cause odor change
 Commercial tablets  Are convenient
when refrigeration
is not possible
 Rutin
◦ Protein
◦ Glukosa
◦ Sedimen
 Khusus
◦ Keton
◦ Bilirubin, urobilin
◦ Kalsium, darah samar
◦ Esbach