Bastardized English or Englishized

Language?

Maria TeresaT. Asistido

Bilingualism & Multilingualism
A bilingual individual, generally, is
someone who speaks two languages. An
ideal or balanced bilingual speaks each
language as proficiently as an educated
native speaker.
 This is often referred to as an ideal type
since few people are regarded as being
able to reach this standard.
Bilingualism & Multilingualism
 Bilingualism is a specific case of
multilingualism, which has no ceiling
on the number of languages a speaker
may dominate. The timing and
sequence in which one learns each of
the languages has led to other
distinctions between kinds of
multilingualism.
Bilingualism & Multilingualism
 Much of the linguistics literature, for
example, identifies native language
or mother tongue as a first language,
ignoring the possibility or
diminishing the value of having more
than one native language or mother
tongue.
Bilingualism & Multilingualism
 Such a person is often referred to as a
simultaneous bilingual, while
someone who acquires the second
language after the first one is often
referred to as a sequential bilingual
("early" if between early childhood
and puberty, and "late" if after
puberty).
Bilingualism & Multilingualism
 The context of language acquisition leads
naturally to distinguishing between
"informal" bilinguals, who acquire their
languages outside of formal settings like
schools, imitating the natural processes of
acquiring the mother tongue, and
"formal" bilinguals, who generally learn
the language in schools or similar settings.
 Bilingualism & Multilingualism
 Multilingualism
 complete competence and mastery in another
language.
 The speaker would presumably have complete
knowledge and control over the language so as to
sound native. On the opposite end of the spectrum
would be people who know enough phrases to get
around as a tourist using the alternate language. Since
1992, Vivian Cook has argued that most multilingual
speakers fall somewhere between minimal and
maximal definitions. Cook calls these people multi-
competent.
 Bilingualism & Multilingualism
 When all speakers are multilingual,
linguists classify the community
according to the functional
distribution of the languages
involved:
DIGLOSSIA
AMBILINGUALISM
BIPART-LINGUALISM
 Bilingualism & Multilingualism
DIGLOSSIA: if there is a structural functional
distribution of the languages involved, the society is termed
'diglossic'. Typical diglossic areas are those areas in Europe
where a regional language is used in informal, usually oral,
contexts, while the state language is used in more formal
situations. Frisia (with Frisian and German or Dutch) and
Lusatia (with Sorbian and German) are well-known
examples. Some writers limit diglossia to situations where
the languages are closely related, and could be considered
dialects of each other. This can also be observed in Scotland
where, in formal situations.
 INFORMAL SITUATIONS
 Bilingualism & Multilingualism
 AMBILINGUALISM: a region is called ambilingual if this functional
distribution is not observed. In a typical ambilingual area it is nearly
impossible to predict which language will be used in a given setting. True
ambilingualism is rare. Ambilingual tendencies can be found in small states
with multiple heritages like Luxembourg, which has a combined Franco-
Germanic heritage, or Malaysia and Singapore, which fuses the cultures of
Malays, China, and India. Ambilingualism also can manifest in specific
regions of larger states that have both a clearly dominant state language and
a protected minority language that is limited in terms of distribution of
speakers within the country. This tendency is especially pronounced when,
even though the local language is widely spoken, there is a reasonable
assumption that all citizens speak the predominant state tongue (e.g.,
English in Quebec vs. Canada; Spanish in Catalonia vs. Spain). This
phenomenon can also occur in border regions with many cross-border
contacts.
 SITUATIONAL.
 Bilingualism & Multilingualism
BIPART-LINGUALISM: if more than
one language can be heard in a small
area, but the large majority of speakers
are monolinguals, who have little contact
with speakers from neighbouring ethnic
groups, an area is called 'bipart-lingual'.
OCCASIONAL
 Bilingualism & Multilingualism
 the terms given above all refer to
situations describing only two
languages. In cases of an
unspecified number of languages,
the terms polyglossia,
omnilingualism, and multipart-
lingualism are more appropriate.
Filipino Bilinguals
1. Filipinoism/Filipinism
2. Illiteracies
3. Improprieties
4. Calquing
5. Code-borrowing
6. Code-switching
Issues: Filipino Bilinguals
1. Filipinoism/Filipinism: Fiipinoisms are expressions that
only Filipinos can understand.
1. For a while
2. Come again
3. It's so traffic.
4.Open/Close the Light
5. Can I please talk to Mr. Garcia?
6. C.R.
7. Bottomless
8.Take out
9. Going down
10. Tucked out
 (TOP 10 FILIPINOISMS: CRUCIAL TIPS YOUR ENGLISH TEACHER FORGOT TO
MENTION - Posted by Miracel Juanta)
Issues: Filipino Bilinguals
1. Filipinoism/Filipinism: Fiipinoisms are expressions that
only Filipinos can understand.
1. For a while
2. Come again?
3. It's so traffic.
4.Open/Close the Light
5. Can I please talk to Mr. Garcia?
6. C.R.
7. Bottomless
8.Take out
9. Going down
10. Tucked out
 (TOP 10 FILIPINOISMS: CRUCIAL TIPS YOUR ENGLISH TEACHER FORGOT TO
MENTION - Posted by Miracel Juanta)
Issue: Filipinoism? - Come again?
Come again?
WHITE HOUSE - EAST ROOM
RICHMOND: (as Russell approaches)
You're a vision this evening, Miss
Russell.

RUSSELL: Thank you, Mr. President.

(beat)
And thank you, Mr. President.
RICHMOND: (doesn't understand) For?
(off her, radiant, indicating the necklace)

Come again?
Come again?
Famous Sitcoms
in the U.S.
Issue: Filipinoism? – TAKE OUT
1. Filipinoism/Filipinism: Fiipinoisms are expressions that
only Filipinos can understand.
1. For a while
2. Come again?
3. It's so traffic.
4.Open/Close the Light
5. Can I please talk to Mr. Garcia?
6. C.R.
7. Bottomless
8.Take out
9. Going down
10. Tucked out
 (TOP 10 FILIPINOISMS: CRUCIAL TIPS YOUR ENGLISH TEACHER FORGOT TO
MENTION - Posted by Miracel Juanta)
 TAKE OUT
Take out (Verb) – main Verb – TAKE & a particle - OUT
 Takeout (Noun) compound- food that is cooked in a
restaurant and taken by a customer to be eaten in another place
(First Known Use of TAKE-OUT: 1917)
 Take-out (Adjective) of, relating to, selling, or being food not
to be consumed on the premises <take–out counter> <a take–
out supper>
(First Known Use of TAKE-OUT: 1965)

TAKE -AWAY – U.K., Australia, NZ, Hongkong, South Africa,

Ireland
CARRYOUT/CARRY-OUT – U.S., SCOTLAND, SINGAPORE
Filipino Bilinguals
Illiteracies: expressions only those
coming from a certain community
understand.
1. Stinglis - knife
2. Titamax – video player
3. Kumbert – corned beef
4. Ismagul - slippers
5. Pursilin - plate
Filipino Bilinguals
Improprieties: Common Noun used to
substitute for a common noun.
1. Colgate
2. Honda
3. Yamaha
4. Darigold
5. Kamay
6. Coke
Filipino Bilinguals
Calquing: loan transmissions
Three models of calque:
1. Changes in meaning when loaned
2. Changes in spelling when loaned,
and
3. Changes in pronunciation when
loaned
Issues: Calquing
Calquing: loan transmissions
1st model of calque:
1. Changes in meaning when loaned
2. Changes in spelling when loaned, and
3. Changes in pronunciation when loaned
Issues: Calquing
Calquing: loan transmissions
st
1 model of calque:
1. Changes in meaning when loaned
2. Changes in spelling when loaned,
and
3. Changes in pronunciation when
loaned
Issues: Calquing
Calquing: loan transmissions
st
1 model of calque:
1. Changes in meaning when loaned
2. Changes in spelling when loaned,
and
3. Changes in pronunciation when
loaned
Filipino Bilinguals
Code-borrowing
Filipino Bilinguals
Code-switching
I dunno kung ano ang nangyari
after that.
Sa panahon ngayon, traffic just
gets worst.
The results
The results