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PROCESSES
:Euginn A. Buletin
Communication
• Is an integral aspect of living--- of being human.
• It occupies a large chunk of your day.
• Your ability to communicate effectively enables you to establish
connections and rapport with other people.
• “The single biggest problem in communication is the illusion that it
has taken place.”
• George Bernard Shaw
• You may have the brightest and most incredible ideas but may not be
able to express them clearly.
• That is why you have to strive to enhance this valuable craft of
communicating effectively in everyday life.
• Communication is the key to personal and professional success.
Whatever path you follow in any stage of your life, your
communication skills will propel your progress at every phase.
One of the many ways to illustrate and simplify the complex internal
functioning of communication is to represent it through a model.
Linear Model
NOISE
NOISE
NOISE
NOISE NOISE
CHANNEL
SENDER RECEIVER
MESSAGE
CHANNEL
NOISE
NOISE NOISE
NOISE
NOISE
Linear Model
• The earliest and most influential model of communication is called
the linear model.
• This model views communication as a one-way or linear transmission
of messages.
• This traditional model has identified components required in order
for communication to take place: sender, message, channel, receiver,
and noise.
• The missing link in the linear model is feedback, which could reveal
how effectively the message is transmitted.
• Since the linear model illustrates one-way flow of communication, it
thus projects an active sender but passive receiver.
Interactive Model
NOISE NOISE
NOISE
NOISE
NOISE
FIELD OF EXPERIENCE
CHANNEL
MESSAGE
SENDER & RECEIVER RECEIVER & SENDER
MESSAGE
CHANNEL
NOISE
NOISE NOISE
NOISE
NOISE
Interactive Model
• The interactive model shows that communication is a two-way
process, for it recognizes the presence of feedback.
• This means that there is message going both ways.
• The sender gives off a message to the receiver, who then responds
and becomes the sender, and so on.
• However, although feedback is present, it is not simultaneous.
• This model also has an added concept, “field of experience,” which
acknowledges that people integrated into the communication process
their own cultural upbringing or background and general experiences.
Transactional Model
CHANNEL OF NOISE
NOISE
FEEDBACK
CHANNEL
CHANNEL
NOISE NOISE
CHANNEL OF NOISE
FEEDBACK
Transactional Model
• The transactional model suggest that communication is essentially
not a solo endeavor.
• Rather, the people involved engage in a transaction, making
communication simultaneous.
• This model emphasizes that there is conscious interaction between a
sender and receiver to generate or create meaning and to arrive at a
common understanding of the information.
• Successful communication is the product of the joint efforts of both
parties, as each member strives to maintain awareness of and to
listen to the other side’s perspectives.
Transactional Model
• Likewise, ineffective and fruitless communication holds both parties
accountable and affects them, albeit in varying degrees, depending
on their purposes for communicating.
• Aside from the elements mentioned in the previous models, the
transaction model also looks into the importance of context, which
makes communication adapt to the situation or condition involved in
the process.
CHARACTERISTIC OF COMMUNICATION
• COMMUNICATION NECESSITATES NEGOTIATION OF MEANING OF
SYMBOLS.
• Two of the foregoing definitions specify that communicators “use” and/or
“negotiate the meanings of verbal and nonverbal symbols.”
• The information that is exchanged can be comprised or a range of feelings,
thoughts, wants, needs and intentions.
• These may not be explicitly expressed or articulated in words.
• Their representation are called symbols.
• Spoken and written words refer to verbal symbols, while vocal tones, facial
expressions, gestures, body movements, physical appearance, and manners
are all examples of nonverbal symbols, which according to Brantley and Miller
(2005), are also termed as signals.
CHARACTERISTIC OF COMMUNICATION
• COMMUNICATION NECESSITATES NEGOTIATION OF MEANING OF
SYMBOLS.
• As a communicators, you must bear in mind that each participants in the
communication process has a different frame of reference (background,
assumptions, and culture), which may interfere with the transmission and
reception of messages or influence the interpretation of certain symbols.
• This requires the negotiation of meaning” between communicators to arrive
at a shared understanding and perception of symbols and hence, to be able to
communicate effectively.
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNICATION
• COMMUNICATION IS CONTEXTUAL.
• Another characteristic of communication reflected in the definitions and
stressed in the transactional model is that communication occurs in a context.
• The principle behind this is that communication adapts to and is shaped by
these circumstances.
• There are three general types of contexts:
a. Communication is contextual
• This type of context draws on the interaction among the emotional
history, social relationships, and cultural capital of the participants.
• Variables, such as age, sex, gender preference, religion, and
socioeconomic status are all considered in this category.
• The extent to which communicators are aware and sensitive of these
factors will certainly affect the communication process, particularly
the reception and interpretation of symbols.
b. Logistical Context.
• This is also termed as the physical context and is concerned with the
setting (time and place) and occasion.
c. Interactional Context
• The various compositions or classifications of interaction dictate the
style of communication that is employed by the communication
participants.
• This is what is regarded as interactional context.
• There are six major categories of interactional context:
c. Interactional Context
Intrapersonal Context. The idea behind interpersonal context is “self-
talk” or inner speech, which reflects your own self-concept or your
overall understanding of yourself. Your self, according to Engleberg and
Wynn (2008), shares a core with the others at the center of the
communication process.
c. Interactional Context
Interpersonal Context. This refers to communication between people,
usually dyads: two people interacting to accomplish a particular task or
purpose. One example of this is the correspondence that occurs
between an interviewer and interviewee. Relationships are also
classified as occurring in this type of context.
c. Interactional Context
Group context. This is the communication that transpires when more
than two people, usually three to seven, interact to carry out a
common goal. Your family interactions, study groups, organizational
and club meetings and neighborhood gatherings belong to this type of
context.
Organizational context. This context is related to workplace
communication, which exposes one or more individuals to several
communicative opportunities among individuals, dyads, and groups.
c. Interactional Context
Public or presentational context. In this type of context, a single speaker
creates meaning with the audience, which can range from literally few
to tremendously large in number who are present at the delivery of the
message.
Presentational communication may be held as formal, such as research
presentations at conferences or seminar and campaign speeches, or
informal or varying levels, such as classroom presentations and reports.
However, classroom activities when structured and carefully planned
become formal.
c. Interactional Context
Mass communication context. In contrast to the presentational context,
the context of mass communication is characterized by an individual or
a network sharing a message with an audience that is not directly
present and often unknown.
More often than not, the sender of the message cannot see or observe
how the audience reacts. Examples of forms of communication that fall
under this category include newspapers, books, magazines, television,
radio and any other form of computer-mediated or digital platforms.
• The context of communication also determines the most effective
way of creating and sending messages. There are different forms of
communication based on message forms, modes of transmission, and
systems that you can utilize depending on the communication context
and purpose.
VERBAL COMMUNICATION
• Spoken and written words refer to verbal symbols. The use of spoken
or written symbols in making and interpreting meanings is called
verbal communication.
a. Written Communication
b. Spoken or Oral Communication
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
• Nonverbal messages are comprised of signals, characterized as visual,
audible, and movement clues. Vocal tones (and any other
paralinguistic features such as pitch, stress, intonation patterns and
juncture), facial expression, eye contact, gestures, body movements,
physical appearance and manners are all examples of nonverbal
representations. The use of these symbolic or physical behaviors,
other than written or spoken language, is called nonverbal
communication.
FORMAL COMMUNICATION
• Is based on specified and standardized guidelines, channels and
systems.
• It is practice in organizational, business and formal environment and
includes the sending and receiving of official, sometimes confidential
and sensitive information.
• Hence, there is usually the need for a written document as proof of
the interaction.
INFORMAL COMMUNICATION
• Is the typical, personal face-to face communication that happens
between friend and family members.
• Unlike formal communication, it is free from any guidelines or
organizational rules.
• Most spoken interactions are informal, in which no proof is needed
for the communication that has occurred.
INTENTIONAL COMMUNICATION
• The words and signals used in communication have their intended
meanings.
• People communicate out of purpose and motive.
• Intentional communication happens when the communicators are
aware of their own purposes and how their words and actions might
impact others.
UNINTENTIONAL COMMUNICATION
• When communication is not purposeful, it is unintentional. This
happens in cases where messages are not intended to be sent or have
reached the wrong receiver.
• Although this may be possible for both verbal and nonverbal forms,
unintentional communication is common and considered an issue in
the use of nonverbal behaviors.
• sometimes, a person’s behavior projects no real messages behind it.
• The communicators’ psychosocial contexts and frames of reference
play major roles in the meanings they attach to the messages they
send and receive.
Context is, indeed, a vital element of communication. It has both
obvious and subtle implications for the communication process.