Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
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NON-
FACTUAL
FACTUAL
Activity: Game
1. Go to your micro-groups
2. List down all subgenres of fiction and non-fiction in
three minutes.
3. Exchange your work with another micro group.
4. The group with the highest number of listed genres
under fiction and non-fiction will be declared winner
(with a price).
Fiction common genres
• Comics/Graphic novel – comic magazine or book based on a sequence of pictures (often hand drawn) and
few words.
• Crime/detective – fiction about a crime, how the criminal gets caught, and the repercussions of the crime
• Fable – legendary, supernatural tale demonstrating a useful truth
• Fairy tale – story about fairies or other magical creatures
• Fan fiction – fiction written by a fan of, and featuring characters from, a particular TV series, movie, or book
• Fantasy – fiction with subplot(s), theme(s), major and minor characters, in which the narrative is presented
in verse form (usually free verse)
• Folklore – the songs, stories, myths, and proverbs of a people or "folk" as handed down by word of mouth
• Historical fiction – story with fictional characters and events in an historical setting
• Horror – fiction in which events evoke a feeling of dread and sometimes fear in both the characters and the
reader
• Humor – usually a fiction full of fun, fancy, and excitement, meant to entertain and sometimes cause
intended laughter; but can be contained in all genres
• Legend – story, sometimes of a national or folk hero, that has a basis in fact but also includes imaginative
material
• Magical realism – story where magical or unreal elements play a natural part in an otherwise realistic
environment
Fiction common genres
• Mystery – fiction dealing with the solution of a crime or the revealing of secrets
• Mythology – legend or traditional narrative, often based in part on historical events, that
reveals human behavior and natural phenomena by its symbolism; often pertaining to the
actions of the gods
• Mythopoeia – fiction in which characters from religious mythology, traditional myths,
folklore and/or history are recast into a re-imagined realm created by the author
• Picture book – picture storybook is a book with very little words and a lot of pictures;
picture stories are usually for children
• Realistic fiction – story that is true to life
• Science fiction – story based on the impact of actual, imagined, or potential science, often
set in the future or on other planets
• Short story – fiction of great brevity, usually supports no subplots
• Suspense/thriller – fiction about harm about to befall a person or group and the attempts
made to evade the harm
• Tall tale – humorous story with blatant exaggerations, such as swaggering heroes who do
the impossible with nonchalance
• Western – fiction set in the American Old West frontier and typically in the late
eighteenth to late nineteenth century
Non-fiction common genres
• Biography – a narrative of a person's life; when the author is also the main sub, this is an autobiography.
• Essay – a short literary composition that reflects the author's outlook or point.
• Owner's manual (also Instruction manual, User's guide) – an instructional book or booklet that is supplied
with consumer products such as vehicles, home appliances, firearms, toys and computer peripherals
• Journalism – reporting on news and current events
• Lab Report – a report of an experiment
• Memoir – factual story that focuses on a significant relationship between the writer and a person, place, or
object; reads like a short novel
• Narrative nonfiction/personal narrative – factual information about a significant event presented in a
format that tells a story
• Reference book – such as a dictionary, thesaurus, encyclopedia, almanac, or atlas
• Self-help book – information with the intention of instructing readers on solving personal problems.
• Speech – public address or discourse
• Textbook – authoritative and detailed factual description of a topic.
Local color
Ways of
revealing
Types
Characters
Elements of roles
Fiction
elements
Plot
types
Theme Principles in
stating
Point of
1st, 2nd, 3rd
View
Time and place—
social and
environmental
context of the story
Setting
Atmosphere– the
Local color—superficial
aura or the mood
elements of setting,
of the story
dialect, customs
Characters
•Characters are the representations of a
human being – the complex combination of
both inner and outer self.
• For characters to be true to life, an author
must provide them with sufficient reason to
behave as they do. This is referred to as a
character’s Motivation.
DepEd Session Guide
Four ways of Revealing Characters
What they do, how
they react
2. Minor complement the major characters and help move the plot
events forward.
1. Major the plot and resolution of conflict revolves around these characters. Cinderella
2. Minor complement the major characters and help move the plot events Cinderella’s step sisters
forward.
3. Dynamic A dynamic character is a person who changes over time, usually as a Malificent, Marimar,
result of resolving a central conflict or facing a major crisis. Beast/Prince, Harry Potter
Source: https://study.com/academy/lesson/plot-analysis-example-lesson-quiz.html
Types of Plot
structures
• Linear –arranged chronologically, the most
common plot because it follows the natural
order of events.
• Circular –combines linear with flashback. The
opening scene will be repeated in the series
toward or at the end.
• En Medias Res – the story begins in the
middle part of the action.
Activity:
Draw the plot of Cindirella’s story
Draw the plot of Beauty and the Beast
Draw the plot of Sleeping Beauty
Conflict in literature
Conflict
•Conflict is the dramatic struggle between two
forces in a story.
•No conflict, no plot.
•May be external: the character vs outside
forces
•May be internal: the character vs something
in himself/herself
Source:
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1w649SDYb4fljgE9JhWTOBn5qBGDfKSGUdwDSASTEFZY/edit#slide=
id.p8
Types of External Conflicts
Person
Nature
Society
Technology
God
Reality
Activities for students
Source:
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Language of Literary texts
Figurative Language
Figurative language uses figures of speech to be more
effective, persuasive, and impactful. Figures of speech such
as metaphors, similes, and allusions go beyond the literal
meanings of the words to give readers new insights. On the
other hand, alliterations, imageries, or onomatopoeias are
figurative devices that appeal to the senses of the readers.
Source: Literary Devices (n.d.). Retrieved: https://literarydevices.net/figurative-language/
Activity: Figures of Speech Exercise
Personification, Consonance,
and Simile
Simile Shows similarities between two different things.
Metaphor Compares two unlike things having similar characteristics
Hyperbole overstatement
a brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing or
Allusion idea of historical, cultural, literary or political significance.
idiom the expression is not interpreted literally.
use of symbols to signify ideas and qualities, by
giving them symbolic meanings that are different
Symbolism from their literal sense.
a word group with the same consonant or sound
Alliteration group
a part of something represents the whole, or it
Synecdoche may use a whole to represent a part.
3. Vocabulary/Word choice
Did you use appropriate and formal language?
4. Sentence Structure: Did you vary the way you use your sentences to
avoid choppy, stringy, or very long sentences?
Editing
Conventions of writing
Proofreading
Publishing
•Final copy for
submission to the
teacher
•Online copy in digital
portfolio
•Facebook page
•Personal blogs
Features of Academic Writing
Complexity Formality Precision Objectivity
Planning Responsibility
Complexity
•more complex than spoken language.
•longer words-- it is lexically more dense and
it has a more varied vocabulary.
•has more grammatical complexity
Features of Academic Writing
Formality
•Academic writing is relatively formal.
•In general this means that in an essay you
should avoid colloquial words and
expressions.
• Avoid informal words associated with
casual conversation
Formal language
Informal
Vocabulary—used Formal
in writing friendly Vocabulary—
letters and informal used in formal
essay; used in writing and in
informal speeches, formal speech
conversations,
discussions
Digitalk
Precision
•In academic writing, facts and figures are
given precisely.
Features of Academic Writing
Objectivity
• Objective rather than personal.
• It therefore has fewer words that refer to the writer or
the reader. This means that the main emphasis should be
on the information that you want to give and the
arguments you want to make, rather than you.
• For that reason, academic writing tends to use nouns
(and adjectives), rather than verbs (and adverbs).
Objective language
• Although academic writing usually requires you to be objective and
impersonal (not mentioning personal feelings), often you may still have
to present your opinion.
• For example you may need to:
• interpret findings
• evaluate a theory
• develop an argument
• critique the work of others.
Objective Language
Ideas
Not feelings
The findings indicate
I feel that the model
that the model is
is erroneous
valid’
Objective language:
• Avoid evaluative words that are based on non-technical judgements
and feelings. For example, do not use ‘wonderful’, ‘amazing’, ‘pretty,’;
• Avoid intense or emotional evaluative language.
Poorly written: Strict parents abused their children.
More effective: Strict parents tend to be more disciplinarian.
• Use modality to show caution about your views, or to allow room for
others to disagree.
Poorly written: Strict parents produce rebellious children.
More effective: Research has established that children become
rebellious in homes with stricter parents.
Features of Academic Writing
. Explicitness
1. Signposts the organization of the text to show relationships
in the text.
Writing is the most difficult language skill to learn. However,
with proper instruction, AW can be mastered by students.
2. Acknowledges sources.
Gustilo and Dino (2018 in press) claims that Digitalk can be an
authentic resource in teaching language.
Features of Academic Writing
Accuracy
• Accurate words
• Accurate grammar usage
• Accurate facts
Features of Academic Writing
Hedging
In AW, you reduce or minimize risks by using devices that
can mitigate your claims
Cautious language
Use of Modals help: can, could, may, might, would,
Source: https://www.academic-englishuk.com/hedging-
cautious-language
Features of Academic Writing
Responsibility
• be able to provide evidence and justification for
any claims you make.
• demonstrate understanding of the facts
communicated and sources of information
* Avoid plagiarism
Features of Academic Writing
Organisation
• Academic writing is well organised.
• Smooth flow of ideas from one section to
another.
• Logically arranged.
• Appropriate according to genre conventions
Features of Academic Writing
Planning
•Academic writing is well planned.
• It usually takes place after research
and evaluation, according to a
specific purpose and plan
SOURCE: Features of Acadeic Writing. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.uefap.com/writing/feature/featfram.htm
Types of Academic Writing
• a) Information writing g) Book report
assignment h) Critical
• b) ‘Extended’ analysis/critique
assignment
i) Bibliography
• c) Case study
j) Annotated
• d) Review bibliography
• e) Technical report k) Literature review
• f) Lab report
Types of Academic Writing (2007). Retrieved from
http://www2.indstate.edu/academicintegrity/docs/writingcategories.pdf
Types of Academic Writing
l) Term paper u) Web writing
m) Research paper v) Oral presentation of
n) Position/opinion written report
paper
o) Essay
w) power point
p) Subject outline presentation
q) Statistical summary x) Historical research
r) Senior thesis Y) Examination essays
s) Grant writing z) Resume & other
t) E-mail ‘business’ writing
Types of Academic Writing (2007). Retrieved from
http://www2.indstate.edu/academicintegrity/docs/writingcategories.pdf
Types of Academic Writing
Types of Academic Texts
• The four main types of academic writing are descriptive, analytical,
persuasive and critical.
• Each of these types of writing has specific language features and purposes.
• In many academic texts you will need to use more than one type. For
example, in an empirical thesis:
• you will use critical writing in the literature review to show gaps
• the methods section will be mostly descriptive to summarise the methods
used to collect and analyse information
• the results section will be mostly descriptive and analytical as you report
on the data you collected
• the discussion section is more analytical, as you relate your findings back to
your research questions, and also persuasive, as you propose your
interpretations of the findings.
Source: Types of Academic Writing (n.d.) Retrieved from https://sydney.edu.au/students/writing/types-of-
academic-writing.html
Descriptive
• The simplest type of academic writing.
• to provide facts or information.
• Examples: a summary of an article or a report of the
results of an experiment.
• Example instructions: identify, report, record,
summarise and define.