Summarizing,

Paraphrasing,
Direct Quoting,
and Outlining
English for Academic and Professional Purposes
 Aside from summarizing,
there are other skills that can
help you encapsulate the
ideas or concepts in a text
effectively. There are
paraphrasing, direct quoting,
and outlining.
Summarizing Paraphrasing Direct Quoting
• Does not match • Does not match • Matches the source
the source word the source word word for word
for word for word • Is usually a short part
• Involves putting • Involves putting a of the text
the main idea(s) passage from a • Cited part appears
into your own source into your between quotation
words but own words marks
including only the • Changes the • Must be attributed to
main point(s) words or phrasing the original source
• Presents a broad of a passage but
overview, so is retains and fully
usually much communicates the
shorter than the original meaning
original text • Must be attributed
• Must be to the original
attributed to the source
original source
What is plagiarism ? In minor cases, it can be the
quotation of a sentence or two, without quotation
marks and without a citation (example, footnote)
to the true author. In the most serious cases, a
significant fraction of the entire work was written
by someone else but the plagiarist removed the
author(s), name(s), and substituted his/her name,
perhaps did some re-formatting of the text, then
submitted the work for credit in a class (e.g., term
paper or essay), as part of the requirements for a
degree (example, thesis or dissertation), or as part
of a published article or book.

Reference
Standler, R.B. (2012). Plagiarism in colleges in USA: Legal aspects of plagiarism,
academic policy. Retrieved from http://www.rbs2.com/plag.pdf,p.5
Summary

Plagiarism can be defined as using

ideas, data, or any relevant
information of another without
giving proper credit or
acknowledgement (Standler, 2012)
Paraphrase
According to Standler (2012), plagiarism can
occur. In small cases, which happens when
small parts of a passage are used without
enclosing them in quotation marks and citing
the author. It can also occur in more grave
situations. In these instances, big chunks of
the original text are used. There are changes in
the format, but the original author is not
attributed to and the work is claimed as the
plagiarist’s own and submitted to comply
with academic requirements or as a part of a
material for publication.
 The samples of paraphrase and
summary show that the original text is
rewritten based on the message
conveyed and ideas presented by the
author. Less of the original words is
presented in the summary, and the
source is properly cited. In the
paraphrase, all the ideas in the
original text are still mentioned, but
the wording and structure are
completely different.
Direct Quote

Standler (2012) states that

plagiarism can be “the
quotation of a sentence or two,
without quotation marks and
without a citation (e.g., footnote)
to the true author”. (p.5)
What is plagiarism ? In minor cases, it can be the
quotation of a sentence or two, without quotation
marks and without a citation (example, footnote)
to the true author. In the most serious cases, a
significant fraction of the entire work was written
by someone else but the plagiarist removed the
author(s), name(s), and substituted his/her name,
perhaps did some re-formatting of the text, then
submitted the work for credit in a class (e.g., term
paper or essay), as part of the requirements for a
degree (example, thesis or dissertation), or as part
of a published article or book.

Reference
Standler, R.B. (2012). Plagiarism in colleges in USA: Legal aspects of plagiarism,
academic policy. Retrieved from http://www.rbs2.com/plag.pdf,p.5
 Guidelines in Paraphrasing
• Check the meaning. Remember, your
paraphrase should have the same meaning
as the original text.

• Check the sentence structure. The sentence

structure of your paraphrase should be
different from the original text.

• Refrain from adding comments about the

text. Stick to the ideas presented in the text.
Guidelines in Direct Quoting
• Direct quotation should not be used
to replace paraphrasing or
summarizing.

• Copy exactly the part of the text that

you want to use.

• Use quotation marks to show the

beginning and ending of the quote.
Outlining
There are two kinds of Outlining, Topic
Outline and Sentence Outline.
Topic Outline
I. There are rules that the students
should follow.
A. The Classroom Rules
B. The School Policies
II. The Mission and Vision
A. The Philosophy
B. The Mantra
Sentence Outline
I. What are the rules that the students
should follow?
A. There are classroom rules.
B. There are school policies and
regulations.
II. Why do they need to follow rules in
the institution?
A. The students should be
responsible enough.
B. For the development of the
students
END