Unit-1

Introduction to Microprocessor
Prof. Swati Sharma
swati.sharma@darshan.ac.in

Microprocessor
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 Basic concepts of Microprocessor

Microprocessor Silicon chip which includes ALU,

Register circuits & Control circuits

Microprocessor

Registers

Control
Logic

ALU

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 Basic concepts of Microprocessors
Silicon chip which includes
Microcontroller microprocessor, memory & I/O in a
single package.

Microcontroller

RAM

Micro
ROM
Processor

I/O

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 Basic concepts of Microprocessors
A computer with a microprocessor
Microcomputer as its CPU. Includes memory, I/O
etc.

Microcomputer

RAM

Micro
Keyboard ROM Display
processor

I/O

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 What is a Microprocessor?
Definition:
“The Microprocessor is a
Can perform Multipurpose, Can be instructed
multiple tasks
Programmable, to perform
specific task
Provides Clock Driven,
Synchronization Store
Register Based Intermediate
Processing data
Form of an Digital-Integrated Circuit
Integrated
circuit (IC) which accepts binary data as input,
processes it according to instructions stored in its memory,
and provides results as output.”

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 Basic concepts of Microprocessors
 Microprocessor is a computer Central Processing Unit (CPU) on a
single chip that contains millions of transistors connected by
wires.
 A microprocessor is designed to perform arithmetic and logical
operations that make use of small number-holding areas called
registers.
 Typical microprocessor operations include adding, subtracting,
comparing two numbers and fetching numbers from one area to
an another etc.

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 Components of microprocessor
• Brain of the
computer. Small additional
• Performs memory location,
operations such which are used to
as addition, Arithmetic store and transfer
subtraction, and and Register data.
logical operations Logical Array
such as OR, AND, Unit (ALU)
XOR etc.

Control Unit

• It controls and executes the flow of data between the

microprocessor, memory and peripherals.
• Signal permits the CPU to receive or transmit data.

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 System bus
 This network of wires or electronic pathways is known as 'Bus'.

 A system bus is a single computer bus that connects the major

components of a computer system.
 The technique was developed to reduce costs and improve
modularity.
 Classification
1. Address Bus - Transfer Address

2. Data Bus - Transfer Data

3. Control Bus - Transfer Control Signal

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 System bus
CPU Memory Input/Output

Control Bus

Address Bus

Data Bus

System Bus

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 Address Bus
 It is a group of wires or lines that are used to transfer the
addresses of Memory or I/O devices.
 Address bus is unidirectional.

 The maximum address capacity is equal to two to the power of

the number of lines present (2lines).

E.g. 8085 has 16-address lines

 Maximum address capacity => 216 = 65536 bytes

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 Data Bus
 It is used to transfer data within Microprocessor and Memory/IO
devices.
 Data Bus is bidirectional as Microprocessor requires to send and
receive data.
 Each wire is used to transfer the signals corresponding to a single
bit of binary data.

E.g. 8085 has 8 - data lines

8085 is known as 8 bit processor

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 Control Bus
 Microprocessor uses control bus to process data, i.e. what to do
with the selected memory location.
 Some control signals are Read, Write and Opcode fetch etc.
 Control Bus is bidirectional.
 This is a dedicated bus, because all timing signals are generated
according to control signal.

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 Microprocessor systems with
bus organization

13
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 Microprocessor systems with bus organization

Input/Output
Arithmetic
and Register
Logical Array System Bus
Unit (ALU)

Control Unit Memory

ROM RAM

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 Microprocessor systems with bus organization
 In most simplified form a microprocessor based system consist of
a Microprocessor, I/O (input/output) device and Memory.
 These components are interfaced (connected) with
microprocessor over a common communication path called
system bus.
 Microprocessor is master of the system and responsible for
executing the program.

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 Microprocessor systems with bus organization
 Memory is responsible for storing program as well as data.
 System generally consists of two types of memories:
ROM (Read only and non-volatile) and
RAM (Read/write and volatile).
 I/O devices are used to communicate with the environment.
 Example of input device: keyboard, mouse.
Example of output device: monitor, printer.

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