RAGHU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(AUTONOMOUS)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL &ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

IV B.TECH I SEM
Electrical Power Quality
UNIT-2 Prepared By
Dr. D.V.N. Ananth
Asst.Professor
EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE
  CONTENTS
Unit–I: Voltage imperfections in power
systems
Power quality terms – Voltage sags –
Voltage swells and interruptions – Sources
of voltage sag, swell and interruptions –
Nonlinear loads – IEEE and IEC standards.
Source of transient over voltages –
principles of over voltage protection –
Devices for over voltage protection – Utility
capacitor switching transients
EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE
 References:
 Electrical Power Systems Quality, Dugan R C, Mc-
Granaghan M F, Santoso S, and Beaty H W, Second
Edition, McGraw–Hill, 2012, 3rd edition.
 Electric power quality problems –M.H.J.Bollen IEEE series-
Wiley India publications,2011.
 Power System Harmonics, Arrillaga J and Watson N R,
Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2003.
 Power Quality c.shankaran, CRC Press, 2001

EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE

 PQ is a Business Problem
Power Quality issues cause business
problems such as:
 Lost productivity, idle people and equipment
 Lost orders, good will, customers and profits
 Lost transactions and orders not being
processed
 Revenue and accounting problems
 Customer and/or management dissatisfaction
 Overtime required to make up for lost work
time
According to Electric Light and Power Magazine, 30 to 40 Percent of All
Business Downtime Is Related to Power Quality Problems.
EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE
 PQ Problems are Expensive
 Berkeley Lab Study Estimates $80 Billion
Annual Cost of Power Interruptions …
Research News, Berkeley Lab, February 2, 2005

 $50 billon per year in the USA is lost as a

results of power quality breakdowns …. Bank
of America Report

 A manufacturing company lost more than $3

million one day last summer in Silicon Valley
when the “lights went out.” … New York
Times January 2000

 “A voltage sag in a paper mill can waste a

whole day of production - $250,000 loss” …
Business Week, June 17,, 1996

 Half of all computer problems and one-third

of all data loss can be traced back to the
power line … Contingency Planning Research,
LAN Times
EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE
 Who is Affected?
• High Cost Facilities
o Semiconductor plants
o Pharmaceuticals
o Data centers

• Medium Cost Facilities

o Automotive manufacturing
o Glass plants  Lost production
o Plastics & Chemicals  Scrap
o Textiles  Costs to restart
 Labor costs
 Equipment damage and
repair
 Other costs

EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE

 PQ Definitions Revisited
IEEE Categories
Std 1159-1995
Short Duration Typical
Variations Duration
Instantaneous Sag 0.5 – 30 cycles
Momentary Sag 30 cycles – 3
sec
Temporary Sag 3 sec – 1 min

EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE

 PQ Definitions Revisited
IEEE Categories
Std 1159-1995
Short Duration Typical
Variations Duration
Instantaneous Sag 0.5 – 30 cycles
Momentary Sag 30 cycles – 3
sec.
Temporary Sag 3 sec – 1 min.
Instantaneous Swell 0.5 – 30 cycles
Momentary Swell 30 cycles – 3
sec.
Temporary Swell 3 sec – 1 min.

EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE

 PQ Definitions Revisited
IEEE Categories
Std 1159-1995
Short Duration Typical
Variations Duration
Instantaneous Sag 0.5 – 30 cycles
Momentary Sag 30 cycles – 3
sec.
Temporary Sag 3 sec – 1 min.
Instantaneous Swell 0.5 – 30 cycles
Momentary Swell 30 cycles – 3
sec.
Temporary Swell 3 sec – 1 min.
Momentary Interruptions 0.5 – 30 cycles
Temporary Interruptions 30 cycles – 3
sec.

EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE

 PQ Definitions Revisited
IEEE Categories
Std 1159-1995
Long Duration Typical
Variations Duration
Sustained interruptions > 1 min
Under voltages > 1 min
Over voltages > 1 min

EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE

 PQ Definitions Revisited
IEEE Categories
Std 1159-1995
Long Duration Typical
Variations Duration
Sustained interruptions > 1 min
Under voltages > 1 min
Over voltages > 1 min
Voltage imbalance Steady state
Waveform Distortion

EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE

 PQ Definitions Revisited
IEEE Categories
Std 1159-1995
Long Duration Typical
Variations Duration
Sustained interruptions > 1 min
Under voltages > 1 min
Over voltages > 1 min
Voltage imbalance Steady state
Waveform Distortion
DC offset Steady state
Harmonics Steady state
Inter harmonics Steady state

For Electric Utilities Control of Voltage and Prevention of Outages is Power Quality

EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE

 Sources of PQ Problems
Utility Sources Internal Sources
 Lightning • Individual Loads –Lighting, Elevators, Coolers, HVAC
 PF Correction • Uninterruptible Power Supplies
Equipment
• Variable Frequency Drives
 Faults
• Battery Chargers
 Switching
• Large Motors During Startup
• Electronic Dimming Systems
• Lighting Ballasts (esp. Electronic)
• Arc Welders, and Other Arc Devices
• Medical Equipment, e.g. MRIs and X-Ray Machines
• Office Equipment and Computers
• Wiring

EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE

 PQ Problems and Possible
Causes
Typical problems Disturbance Possible Causes
Type
Overheated neutral Steady-state Shared neutrals
Intermittent lock-ups Improper or
Frequency deviations inadequate wiring
High source
impedance
SCR/Rectifiers and
notching
Harmonics

EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE

 PQ Problems and Possible
Causes
Typical problems Disturbance Possible Causes
Type
Overheated neutral Steady-state Shared neutrals
Intermittent lock-ups Improper or
Frequency deviations inadequate wiring
High source
impedance
SCR/Rectifiers and
notching
Harmonics
Interruption Utility faults
Garbled data Inrush currents
Random increase in Inadequate wiring
harmonics levels
EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE
 PQ Problems and Possible
Causes
Typical problems Disturbance Type Possible Causes
Overheated neutral Steady-state Shared neutrals
Intermittent lock-ups Improper or
Frequency deviations inadequate wiring
High source
impedance
SCR/Rectifiers and
notching
Harmonics
Interruption Utility faults
Garbled data Inrush currents
Random increase in Inadequate wiring
harmonics levels
Intermittent lock-ups Sags/Swell Source voltage
Lights flicker variations
Garbled data Inrush/surge currents
Inadequate wiring
 PQ Problems and Possible
Causes
Typical problems Disturbance Type Possible Causes
Overheated neutral Steady-state Shared neutrals
Intermittent lock-ups Improper or inadequate
Frequency deviations wiring
High source impedance
SCR/Rectifiers and notching
Harmonics
Interruption Utility faults
Garbled data Inrush currents
Random increase in harmonics Inadequate wiring
levels
Intermittent lock-ups Sags/Swell Source voltage variations
Lights flicker Inrush/surge currents
Garbled data Inadequate wiring
Component failure Impulses Lightning
Dielectric breakdown EMI/RFI Load switching
Lock-ups Capacitor switching
Garbled data Static discharge
Wavy CRTs Hand-held radios
Loose wiring/arcing
 PQ Problems and Possible
Causes
Typical problems Disturbance Type Possible Causes
Overheated neutral Steady-state Shared neutrals
Intermittent lock-ups Improper or inadequate wiring
Frequency deviations High source impedance
SCR/Rectifiers and notching
Harmonics
Interruption Utility faults
Garbled data Inrush currents
Random increase in harmonics levels Inadequate wiring
Intermittent lock-ups Sags/Swell Source voltage variations
Lights flicker Inrush/surge currents
Garbled data Inadequate wiring
Component failure Impulses Lightning
Dielectric breakdown EMI/RFI Load switching
Lock-ups Capacitor switching
Garbled data Static discharge
Wavy CRTs Hand-held radios
Loose wiring/arcing
Overheated transformers and motors Harmonics Electronic loads
Voltage and current distortions SCR/rectifier
Garbled data
Lock-ups
VOLTAGE SAGS AND INTERRUPTIONS-
Sources of Sags and Interruptions

EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE

 Power Quality- basics
 If there is a fault on the same feeder, the customer will
experience a voltage sag during the fault followed by an
interruption when the breaker opens to clear the fault.
 If the fault is temporary in nature, a reclosing operation on the
breaker should be successful and the interruption will only be
temporary.
 To clear the fault shown on the transmission system, both
breakers A and B must operate.

EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE

 Power Quality- basics
 Transmission breakers will typically clear a fault in 5 or 6
cycles.
 In this case there are two lines supplying the distribution
substation and only one has a fault.
 Therefore, customers supplied from the substation should
expect to see only a sag and not an interruption.
 The distribution fault on feeder 4 may be cleared either by the
lateral fuse or the breaker, depending on the utility’s fuse
saving practice.

EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE

 Voltage variations, such as
voltage sags and momentary
interruptions are two of the most
important power quality concerns
for customers.
 A voltage sag or voltage dip is a
short duration reduction in RMS
voltage which can be caused by a
short circuit, overload or starting
of electric motors as shown in
Fig.

EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE

Sources of sags and interruptions
 A sudden increase in load results in a corresponding
sudden drop in voltage.
 Any sudden increase in load, if large enough, will cause
a voltage sag in:
o Motors
o Faults cause the voltage sag.
o Switching operation
 Since the electric motors draw more current when they
are starting than when they are running at their rated
speed, starting an electric motor can be a reason of
voltage sag.

EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE

 When a line-to-ground fault occurs, there will be
voltage sag until the protective switch gear operates.
 Some accidents in power lines such as lightning or
falling an object can be a cause of line-to-ground fault
and voltage sag as a result.
 Sudden load changes or excessive loads can cause
voltage sag.
 Depending on the transformer connections,
transformers energizing could be another reason for
happening voltage sags.

EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE

 Utility Distribution System Sag
Performance Evaluation
 The analysis at the distribution level must include momentary
interruptions caused by the operation of protective devices to
clear the faults. The overall voltage sag performance at an
end-user facility is the total of the expected voltage sag
performance from the transmission and distribution systems.
 The information needed to compute voltage sag
performances are as follows:
 Number of feeders supplied from the substation.

 Average feeder length.

 Average feeder reactance.

 Short-circuit equivalent reactance at the substation.

 Feeder reactors, if any.

EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE
 Voltage sags can causes
 Motor load to start/ stop
 Digital devices to reset causing loss of data
 Equipment damage and /or failure
 Materials spoilage
 Lost production due to downtime
 Additional costs
 Product reworks
 Product quality impacts
 Cost of investigations into problem
 Impacts on customer relations such as late delivery.
 Lost of sales

EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE

 Voltage sags due to Motor Starting
 Voltage sag produced by induction motor starting current is
one of the main causes of sensitive equipment dropout. The
use of motor starter reduces the voltage sag depth but
increases its duration.
 The subsequent connection to full voltage originates new
sag separated from the first one by a few seconds.
 An induction motor will draw six to ten times its full load
current while starting.

EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE

 Voltage sags due to Motor Starting
 This lagging current then causes a voltage drop
across the impedance of the system.
 Generally induction motors are balanced 3 phase
loads, voltage sags due to their starting are
symmetrical.
 Each phase draws approximately the same in rush
current. The magnitude of voltage sag depends on,
 Characteristics of the induction motor

 Strength of the system at the point where

motor is connected.

EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE

 Mitigation of Voltage Sags
 Different power quality problems would require different
solution.
 It would be very costly to decide on mitigate measure that
do not or partially solve the problem.
 These costs include lost productivity, labor costs for clean
up and restart, damaged product, reduced product quality,
delays in delivery and reduced customer satisfaction.
 These responsibilities are divided into three parts that
involves utility, customer and equipment manufacturer

EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE

Different mitigation methods are
o Dynamic voltage restorer
o Active series Compensators
o Distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM)
o Solid state transfer switch (SSTS)
o Static UPS with energy storage
o Backup storage energy supply (BSES)
o Ferro resonant transformer
o Flywheel and Motor Generator set
o Static Var Compensator (SVC)

EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE

Different mitigation methods are
o Dynamic voltage restorer
o Active series Compensators
o Distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM)
o Solid state transfer switch (SSTS)
o Static UPS with energy storage
o Backup storage energy supply (BSES)
o Ferro resonant transformer
o Flywheel and Motor Generator set
o Static Var Compensator (SVC)

EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE

 Major PQ Problems
Outages,
6%
Spikes, 7%

Swells,
Sags, 56%
31%
Source: EPRI, 1994

Swells Sags (Dips)

System fault conditions Associated with system faults
Switching on a large capacitor bank Switching of heavy loads
Switching off a large load Starting of large motors

EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE

 Cost of Voltage Sags
Textile Industry

Plastics Industry

Glass Industry

Process Industry

Semiconductors

$1k $10k $100k $1M $10M

Source: EPRI “The Economics of Custom Power”, IEEE T&D Show 2003

Losses per Voltage Sag Event

EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE

 Cost of Momentary Outages

Momentary Outages create

problems when computers
and clocks reset,
equipment stalls, and work
stops.

EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE

 High Speed Waveform Capture

High Speed Waveform Capture Is the Most Important PQ Troubleshooting Tool

EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE
Benefits of Continuous PQ Monitoring
• Power Quality monitoring provides a continuous
“Health Check” of a facility’s power system … for
example:
o Harmonic interaction between loads and
power conditioning equipment spotted
o High Inrush currents from equipment startup
detected
o Transients from load switching are seen
• It provides data to see, diagnose and avert looming
problems – “like squeaky brakes on a car”
o Trends can be detected
o JIT equipment maintenance programs can
be established
• It acts like a “Black Box” on an airplane to tell you
what, when, and where a Power Quality event
occurred … to prevent it from reoccurring

Continuous PQ Monitoring Detects, Records, and Leads to the

Prevention of PQ Problems
 What is needed for PQ
Monitoring?
PQ Monitors must detect and record Plus they must …
the 7 types of PQ problems
• Be easy to use
 Transients • Be Suitable for continuously
 Interruptions monitoring indoors and outdoors
 Sag/Under Voltage • Interface with standard PQ analysis
Software…PQDif format
 Swell/Over Voltage
• Be fast enough to capture high speed
 Waveform Distortion
events that produce equipment
 Voltage Fluctuations problems
 Frequency Variations • Have enough storage to save the
waveforms you need
These include Flicker and • Have PQ analysis tools that produce
Compliance to ITI(CBEMA), IEEE usable, actionable recommendations
and ISO Standards
ITI: Information Technology Industry Council (Computer & Business Equipment Manufacturer’s Association)

EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE

 Real Time Field Recorded
Events
Source: AGA Brazil
Meter: EPM9650

Period: Jan 2005 – Dec 2005

Continuous Monitoring of the Station for PQ Problems

EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE
 PQ Meter ITI Capture

ITI Acceptable Power

Disturbance Envelope

Damage Inducing Voltage

Surges as Recorded

Equipment Interrupting
Voltage Sags as Recorded

ITI: Information Technology Industry Council (Computer & Business Equipment Manufacturer’s Association)
Instantaneous Sag Event
Transient Over-Voltages (SWELLS)
 Transient over voltages in electrical transmission and
distribution networks result from the unavoidable effects of
lightning strikes and network switching operations.
 These over voltages have the potential to result in large
financial losses each year due to damaged equipment and
lost production.
 They are also known as surges or spikes.
 Transient over voltages can be classified as
 o Impulsive transient

 o Oscillatory transient

EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE

 Transient Over-Voltages
 Typically they are used to absorb the energy in high
frequency transients.
 The devices are used for over voltage protection is,
o Surge arrester(crowbar & clamping device)
o Transient over voltage Surge suppresser
o Isolation transformer
o Low pass filter
o Low impedance power conditioners
o Pre-insertion resistors (transmission and distribution)
o Pre-insertion inductors (transmission)
o Synchronous closing (transmission and distribution)

EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE

 Sources of Transient Over voltages
 There are two main sources of transient over voltages on
utility systems are
 i) capacitor switching

 ii) lightning

 Some of the causes of transient over voltages on power

systems are,
o Lightning – either direct strokes or by induction from
nearby strokes.
o Switching surges
o Switching of utility capacitor banks
o Phase to ground arcing
o Resonance and Ferro resonance conditions on long or
lightly loaded circuits.
EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE
 There are two main sources of transient over voltages on
utility systems are
 i) capacitor switching

 ii) lightning

 Some of the causes of transient over voltages on power

systems are,
o Lightning – either direct strokes or by induction from
nearby strokes.
o Switching surges
o Switching of utility capacitor banks
o Phase to ground arcing
o Resonance and Ferro resonance conditions on long or
lightly loaded circuits.
EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE
 Mitigation of voltage swells
 Over voltages are extremely transient phenomena occurring
for only fractions of a second, but which can never less
have a negative effect on electronic equipment and can
even result in their total failure.
 The basic principles of over voltage protection of load
equipments are:
 Limit the voltage across sensitive insulation

 Divert the surge current away from the load

 Block the surge current entering into the load

 Bonding of equipment with ground

 Prevent surge current flowing between grounds

 Design a low pass filter using limiting and blocking

principle.
EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE
 Surge Arresters and Surge Suppressors
 A surge arrester is a protective device for limiting surge
voltages on equipment by discharging or bypassing surge
current.
 Surge arrester allows only minimal flow of the 50 Hz/60Hz
power current to ground.
 They differ only in constructional details but operate on the
same principle, providing low resistance path for the surges
to the round.
 Rod arrester
 Horn gap arrester
 Multi gap arrester
 Expulsion type lightning arrester
 Valve type lightning arrester
EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE
 Principle of Over Voltage Protection
The fundamental principles of overvoltage protection of load
equipments are as follows
1. Limit the voltage across sensitive insulation.
2. Divert the surge current away from the load.
3. Block the surge current from entering the load.
4. Bond grounds together at the equipment.
5. Reduce, or prevent, surge current from flowing between
grounds.
6. Create a low-pass filter using limiting and blocking
principles.
 Figure illustrates these principles, which are applied to
protect from a lightning strike.

EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE

Instantaneous Swell Event
Harmonic & Interharmonic
Spectrum

EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE

 Flicker Recording

EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE

 Flicker Recording

EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE

 Summary
GE Multilin provides the necessary tools for a successful PQ
disturbance analysis and allows users to take remedial actions

Symptoms
Feels the pulse of the power
system network

Examinations Accurate Measurement to

determine actual state
High resolution recordings for
Diagnosis longer durations
GE Communicator software

Remedy Remedial actions

EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE

 Finally…
If You Can’t Measure it You Can’t Manage it

If You Can Measure it You Can Manage it

EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE

Demonstrating the principles of overvoltage protection

EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE

EPQ DR.D.V.N. Ananth EEE