15P401 – PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

BY
KRISHNA KUMAR V (17P212)
MANICKA RAJ R (17P213)
MOULEESHVARAN S (17P214)
NITHISH P (17P215)
SARAVANA KUMAR (18P435)
SATHYA NARAYANAN V (18P436)
Hypothesis Testing:
• Hypothesis testing is a statistical method that is used in making statistical
decisions using experimental data. Hypothesis Testing is basically an
assumption that we make about the population parameter.
• Key terms and concepts:
• Null hypothesis: Null hypothesis is a statistical hypothesis that assumes
that the observation is due to a chance factor. Null hypothesis is denoted
by; H0: μ1 = μ2, which shows that there is no difference between the two
population means.
• Alternative hypothesis: Contrary to the null hypothesis, the alternative
hypothesis shows that observations are the result of a real effect.
• Level of significance: Refers to the degree of significance in which we
accept or reject the null-hypothesis. 100% accuracy is not possible
for accepting or rejecting a hypothesis, so we therefore select a level
of significance that is usually 5%.
• Type I error: When we reject the null hypothesis, although that
hypothesis was true. Type I error is denoted by alpha. In hypothesis
testing, the normal curve that shows the critical region is called the
alpha region.
• Type II errors: When we accept the null hypothesis but it is
false. Type II errors are denoted by beta. In Hypothesis testing, the
normal curve that shows the acceptance region is called the beta
region.
Question No. 8.3
The dynamic modulus of a concrete is obtained for two different concrete
mixes. For the first mix n=33, =115.1, and s=0.47. For the second concrete mix
n=31, =114.6, and s=0.38. Test, with α=0.05, the null hypothesis of equality of
mean dynamic modulus versus the two-sided alternative.
Given,
• n1 =33
• n2 =31
• =115.1
• =116.6
• s1 =0.47
• s2 =0.38
• α =0.05
H0: μ 1 = μ 2
H1: μ 1 ≠ μ 2

Z α =1.96

x 1 −x 2
Z=
s12 + s22
n1 n2
Z = 115.5-114.6
√{(0.472/33)+(0.382/31)}

z=4.69

|Z| >|Zα|

Hence H0 is rejected.
Question No. 8.5
An investigation of two types of photocopying equipment showed that 75
failures of the first kind of equipment took on an average of 83.2 minutes to repair
with a standard deviation of 19.3 minutes, while 75 failures of the second kind of
equipment took an average of 90.8 minutes to repair with a standard deviation of
21.4 minutes.
(a) Test the null hypothesis μ1 - μ2 = 0 (namely, the hypothesis that on an
average, it takes an equal amount of time to repair either kind of equipment) against
the alternative hypothesis μ1 - μ2 ≠ 0 at the level of significance α = 0.05.
(b) Using 19.3 and 21.4 as estimates of σ1 and σ2 , find the probability of
failing to reject the null hypothesis μ1 - μ2 = 0 with the criterion of part (a) when
actually μ1 - μ2 = -12.
Given,
σ1 = 19.3
σ2 = 21.4

H0 : μ1 - μ2 = 0
H1 : μ1 - μ2 ≠ 0
a)
n1 = n2 = 75
σ1 = 19.3 σ2 = 21.4
x1 = 83.2 x2 = 90.8
H0 : μ1 - μ2 = 0
H1 : μ1 - μ2 ≠ 0
α = 0.05
Zα = 1.96 (from two tail test table)

x 1 −x 2 83.2−90.8
Z= =
2 2 19.32 21.42
σ1 σ
+ n2 75
+ 75
n1 2

Z = -2.28

|Z| > |Zα |

Hence H𝟎 is rejected.
b)
The level of significance is defined as the probability of rejecting a null
hypothesis by the test when it is really true, which is denoted as α.

Hence the value of probability of failing to reject the null hypothesis will be the
value of α i.e., 0.05.
Question No. 8.7
Given n1 = 3 and n2 = 2 observations from Population 1 and Population 2,
respectively,

Population 1 6 2 7
Population 2 14 10 -

a) Calculate the three deviations x - x1 and two deviations y- y1 .

b) Use your results from part (a) to obtain the pooled variance.
Given,
n1 = 3 and n2 = 2

x 6 2 7 Ʃx = 15
y 14 10 - Ʃy = 24

Ʃx 15
x1 = = =5
n1 3
Ʃy 24
y1 = = = 12
n2 2
a)

The three deviations for x - x1 are 1, -3, 2.

The two deviations for 𝑦 - y1 are 2, -2.
b)
2 2
n1 S1 +n2S2
Pooled variance, SP =
n1 + n2

2 Ʃ(x − x 1 )2 2 Ʃ(y − y1 ) 2
S1 = S2 =
n1 −1 n2 −1

S1 2 = 14/2 = 7 S2 2 = 8/1 = 8
S1 = 2.6458 S2 = 2.8284
 3∗7 +(2∗8)
SP =
3+2

21+16
=
5

37
=
5

𝑺𝑷 = 7.4
THANK YOU !