Caraga State University

College of Engineering and Information Technology

Theory of Errors and Adjustments

Lecture 2

Broddett B. Abatayo, GE
Lecturer
 Taping Corrections
A. Correction due to Temperature: B. Correction due to Pull:
(to be added or subtracted) (To be added or subtracted)

( Po  Ps) L
C t   (To  Ts) L Cp 
AE
Where;
Where;
Po = applied pull during measurement
α = coefficient of thermal expansion Ps = standard pull
(0.0000116/°C)
L = Nominal length of tape or total
To = observed temperature during measured distance
measurement A = cross-sectional area of tape
Ts = standard temperature E = modulus of elasticity of tape
 Taping Corrections
• C. Correction Due to Sag: (to be D. Correction due to slope: (to be
subtracted only) subtracted only)

 2 L3 W 2L h2
Csag  2
 Cs  H  S  Cs
24 Po 24 Po 2 2S
• Where;
Where;
• ω = weight of tape per unit length S = inclined/slope distance
• W = total mass or weight of tape H = correct horizontal distance
• L = unsupported length of tape h = vertical distance at ends of tape
• Po = applied pull during during measurment
measurement
 Taping Corrections
E. Reduction to Sea-Level F. Map Reading Correction

Grid Dist. = (ground dist)(C.F.)

 h
D '  D 1   Grid Area = (ground area)(C.F.)2
 R
Where;
Where; C.F. = (reduction factor)(grid-scale factor)
D = measured distance bet. Two points
Also:
D’ = corresponding sea-level dist. Of
these points
Scale = error in map
R = ave. radius of curvature error in ground
(1-h/r) = sea-level reduction factor
h = observed height
 Taping Corrections
G. Normal Pull or Tension – The required Rules for Applying Tape
pull/tension to eliminate the effect of Corrections
sag.
Tape too long:
Cp  Csag
1. Add correction when measuring
distances
( Pn  Ps) L W 2 L 2. Subtract correction when laying out
 distances
AE 24 Pn2

AE Tape too short:

Pn  0.204W 1. Subtract correction when measuring
( Pn  Ps)
distances
2. Add correction when laying out
distances
Prob 1
• When the temperature was 48°C, the
measured distance from B to C was
318 m. The steel tape used has a
standard length at 20°Cm with a
coefficient of thermal expansion of
0.0000116/°C. Find the correct
distance BC in meters.
Ans. 318.103 m
Prob 2
• When the temperature was 3°, the
distance from E to F was measured
using a steel tape that has a standard
length at 20 °C with a coefficient of
thermal expansion of 0.0000116/ °C.
If the correct distance from E to F is
836.5m, what was the measured
distance in meters?
Ans. 836.665 m
Prob 3
• A 50 m tape was standardized and
was found to be 0.0042m too long
than the standard length at an
observed temperature of 58 °C and a
pull of 15kg. If the same tape was
used to measure a certain distance
and was recorded to be 673.92m
long at an observed temperature of
68 °C and a pull of 15kg, and the
coefficient of thermal expansion is
0.0000116/ °C, determine the
following:
1. Standard Temperature
2. Total correction
3. True length of the line
Ans. 50.76 °C, 0.1348m, 674.05 m
Prob 4
• A 50 m tape having a cross-sectional
area of 0.05cm2 has been
standardized at a tension of 5.5kg. If
the modulus of elasticity E = 2.10x106
kg/cm2, determine the elongation of
the tape if a pull of 12 kg. is applied.
Ans. 0.003m
Prob 5
• It takes 20 kg of normal tension to
make the elongation of a steel tape
offset the effect of sag when
supported at the end points. The
tape has a cross-sectional area of
0.05cm2 and E = 2x106 kg/cm2. If the
tape is 50m long and has a standard
pull of 8kg. What is its unit weight in
kg/m?
Ans. 0.0215 kg/m
Prob 6
• A 30m tape is supported only at its
ends and under a steady pull of 8kg.
If the tape weighs 0.91kg. Determine
the following:
1. Sag correction
2. Correct distance between the ends of
the tape
Ans. 0.0162m, 29.984m
Prob 7
• A 100m tape weighs 0.0508 kg/m.
During field measurements, the tape
was subjected to a tension of 45 N,
and was supported at the end points,
midpoint, and quarter points, find
the correction per tape length due to
sag.
Ans. 0.319 m
Prob 8
• Slope distances AB and BC measure
330.49m and 660.97m, respectively.
The difference in elevation is 12.22m
for A and B, 10.85m for B and C.
Using the slope correction formula,
determine the horizontal length of
line ABC. Assume the line AB has a
rising slope and BC a falling slope.
Ans. 991.145m
Prob 9
• A line 100 m long was measured with
a 50m tape. It was discovered that
the first pin was stuck 30cm to the
left of the line and the second pin
30cm to the right. Find the error in
the measurement in cm.
Ans. 0.45cm
Prob 10
• A line was determined to be
2395.25m when measured with a
30m steel tape supported throughout
its length under a pull of 4kg at a
mean temperature of 35°C. The tape
used is of standard length at 20°C
under a pull of 5kg. If the cross-
sectional area of the tape is 0.03cm2,
coefficient of thermal expansion is
0.0000116/°C, and E = 2x106 kg/cm2,
determine the following:
1. Temperature correction
2. Pull correction
3. Correct length of the line
Ans. +0.4168m, -0.0399m, 2395.6269m