• Conductors are materials that allow

electrical charges to move from one

material to another.
• Conductors may be charged through
different methods– rubbing, conduction,
and induction.
 Charging
by Rubbing
• An electrically neutral body can gain a
charge by rubbing or friction.
• Consider two different uncharged
bodies. Because of the difference in
their material composition, the nuclei
of their atoms pull their electrons with
different strengths.
• Rubbing these two bodies will force their
atoms to interact with one another,
resulting in the “ripping off” of electron(s)
from the body with a weaker electron
hold
• The “ripped off” electrons are then
transferred to the other body.
• After rubbing, one of the bodies will have
more electrons, and the other one will
have fewer. Thus, both of them are
electrically charged.
• The charge acquired by rubbed materials
can be determined using the triboelectric
series.
• The triboelectric series is a list of common
material that were experimented on and
found to behave in a predictable way.
• When these materials are rubbed together,
those that appear first in the list tend to
lose their electrons, making them positive.
• Those latter in the list tend to gain
electrons, making them negative.
 Triboelectric Series
1. Dry hand 6. Wool 11. Rubber

2. Leather 7. Fur 12. Polyester

3. Glass 8. Silk 13. Styrofoam

4. Human 9. Wood 14.

Hair Polyurethane
5. Nylon 10. Amber 15. PVC
Charging by
Conduction
 B
Strongly
negative body

A
Neutral body
 B
A
Strongly
Neutral body
negative body
 B
A
Strongly
Neutral body
negative body
 B
A
Strongly
Neutral body
negative body
Charging by
Induction
 The excess
negative
charges of
the body M
are known as
induced
charges
L

M
• The separation of electrical charges to
opposite poles due to induction is known
as polarization
• Charging an object may also occur
through a process called grounding . It is a
process similar to conduction but it
includes a grounding wire that connects
the neutral body to the ground, which is
the reservoir of charge
• Polarization is the process wherein the
electrically neutral body becomes polar by
the arrangement of its molecules
• Point dipoles refer to atoms bearing a
positive and a negative side
• Molecular dipole involves a molecule having
a negatively charged side and positively
charged side
• Instantaneous or a temporary dipole is an
atom or a molecule with most of its
negative charges shifted only to one side of
their random movement