General Physics

101 PHYS
Dr. Zyad Ahmed Tawfik
Email : zmohammed@inaya.edu.sa
Website : zyadinaya.wordpress.com
Lecture No. 12,13
THE MECHANICS OF
NON-VISCOUS FLUIDS

2
 THE MECHANICS OF
NON-VISCOUS FLUIDS
THE MECHANICS OF NON-VISCOUS
FLUIDS
• The Equation Of Continuity; Streamline Flow
• Bernoulli's Equation
• Static Consequences of Bernoulli's equations
• The Role of gravity in The Circulation
• Blood Pressure Measurements Using the
Sphygmomanometer
Introduction
 State of matter
Three (common) phases of matter:
• Solid
-Has definite volume and shape
• Liquid
- Has a definite volume but not a definite shape. Takes shape
of container
• Gas – unconfined
- Has neither a definite volume nor shape

Most substances can be a solid, a liquid. or a gas (or a

combination of any of these) depending on the temperature and
pressure.
 Density and Pressure
1- Density
• The density of a fluid is defined as mass per unit volume .
ρ=m/v (uniform density)
•Density is a scalar, the SI unit is kg/m3.

2-Pressure
P=F/A (Pressure of uniform force on flat area)

• F is the magnitude of the normal force on area A.

• The SI unit of pressure is N/m2 , called the Pascal (Pa).
• The tire pressure of cars are in kilopascals.
• 1 atm = 1.013x 105 Pa = 76 cm Hg = 760mm Hg
 Example 1

Atmospheric pressure is about 1x 105 Pa. how large force

dose the still air in a room next on the inside of a window
pane that is 40x80 cm ?
Answer
The atmosphere exerts a force normal to any surface placed
in it. Consequently, the force on the window pane is
perpendicular to the pane and I given by

A=40 cm x80cm=.40 m x.80 m=.32 m2 .

F= P A= (1x 105 )(.32)=3.2x 104 N.

8
Fluids

• A fluid is a collection of molecules that are

randomly arranged and held together by weak
cohesive forces and by forces exerted by the
Walls of a container.
• Both liquids and gases fluids
Statics and Dynamics with Fluids
• Fluid statics
-Describes fluids at rest
• Fluid Dynamics
-Describes fluids in motion
• The same physical principles that have applied
to statics and dynamics up to this point will
also apply to fluids.
 Fluid Dynamics
• Laminar flow
-Steady flow
-Each particle of the fluid follows a smooth path.
-The paths of the different particles never cross
each other.
- Every given fluid particle arriving at a given point
has the same velocity.
- The path taken by the particles is called a
streamline.
• The path of the particle takes in
steady flow is a streamline.
• The velocity of the particle is
tangent to the streamline.
• A set streamlines is cal led tube of
flow.
Turbulent flow
• an irregular flow characterized by small
whirlpool-like regions.
• is an extreme kind of unsteady flow and
occurs when there are sharp obstacles or
bends in the path of a fast-moving fluid.
• In turbulent flow, the velocity at a point
changes erratically from moment to moment,
both in magnitude and direction.
Steady/Unsteady flow
• In steady flow the velocity of particles is constant
with time
• Unsteady flow occurs when the velocity at a point
changes with time. Turbulence is extreme unsteady
flow where the velocity vector at a point changes
quickly with time e.g. water rapids or waterfall.
• When the flow is steady, streamlines are used to
represent the direction of flow.
• Steady flow is sometimes called streamline flow
• Streamlines never cross. A set of streamlines can
define a tube of flow, the borders of which the fluid
does not cross
16
Viscosity
• Describes the degree of internal friction in the fluid.
• This internal friction, viscous force, is associated with the
resistance that two adjacent layers of fluid have to moving
relative to each other.
• A viscous fluid such as honey does not flow readily, it has a
large viscosity.
• Water has a low viscosity and flows easily.
• A viscous flow requires energy dissipation.
• Zero viscosity – requires no energy. with no dissipation of
energy. Some liquids can be taken to have zero viscosity
e.g. water.
• An incompressible, non viscous fluid is said to be an ideal
fluid
Characteristics of an Ideal Fluid

• The fluid is non-viscous, there is no internal friction

between adjacent layers
• The fluid is incompressible, its density is constant
• The fluid motion is steady, its velocity, density, and
pressure do not change in time
• The fluid moves without turbulence
The Equation of Continuity
The Equation of Continuity (STREAMLINE FLOW)

if there is an incompressible fluid completely

fills a channel such as a pipe or an artery.

Then
if more fluid enters one end of the channel,
So, an equal amount must leave the other
end.
This principle, is called
{The Equation of Continuity}.
The Equation of Continuity
The flow rate
if 𝑄 is The flow rate whish is the volume ΔV of the fluid
flowing past a point in a channel per unit time Δt :
(1)
The S.I unit of the flow rate 𝑄 is the 𝒎 3 /𝒔.
• Consider a section of a tube with a constant cross- sectional
area A. show figure.
In a time Δt, the fluid moves a distance
Δx= v Δt, and the volume ΔV of fluid
leaving the tube is:
ΔV=A Δx but Δx= v Δt ΔV=A v Δt (2)
But ΔV= Q Δt Q Δt =A v Δt (3)
So Q =A v (4) where A is cross-
sectional area and v is velocity of the fluid.
The Equation of Continuity
The equation (4) said
“The flow rate ( Q ) equals the cross-sectional area of the
channel (A) times the velocity of the fluid (v)”.

So if a channel whose cross section changes from A1 to A2

Show figure
The fluid that enters one end of the
channel such as a pipe or an artery at the
flow rate 𝑄1, must leave the other end at
a rate 𝑄2 where 𝑄1=𝑄2
And Q1= A1 v1 , Q2 = A2 v2
As 𝑄1=𝑄2 then
Q1 =Q2 A1 v1 = A2 v2 A v = constant
The Equation of Continuity
So A fluid moving with steady flow through a pipe of varying
cross sectional area. The volume of fluid flowing through area
A1 in a time interval t must equal the volume flowing
through area A2 in the same time interval. Therefore,

A1 v1 = A2 v2 = constant (5)

This expression is called the equation of continuity for fluids.

♦ The product of the cross-sectional area and the velocity of
the fluid is constant: A v = constant
Example1 :

Oil is flowing at a speed of 1.22 m/s through a pipeline with a

radius of 0.305 m. How much oil flows in 1 day?

Answer

• The volume rate of flow (volume per second) is

Q=vA
A = ∏ r2 = ∏ x (0.305) 2 = 0.2923 m2.
• So, Q = (1.22 m/s)(0.2923 m2) = 0.3565 m3/s.
• In 24 hours,
the flow is (0.3565 m3/s )(24x3600 s) =3.08x104 m3.
Example2 :
A water pipe leading up to a hose has a radius of 1 cm. Water
leaves the hose at a rate of 3 liters per minute.
(a) Find the velocity of the water in the pipe.
(b) The hose has a radius of 0.5 cm. What is the velocity of
the water in the hose?
Answer

(a)The average velocity can be found from the flow

rate and the area.
The flow rate is the same in the hose and in the
pipe. Using 1 liter = 0.001 m3 3 liter =.003 m3
and 1min = 60 s, so ∆V = 003 m3 and ∆t = 60 s
the flow rate is Q = ∆V /∆t = 0.003 m3/ 60 s =
5 X 10-5 m3s-1
Say, the velocity v1 and area in the pipe A1.
Then, with Q=Av, we have v1=Q/A1
v1=Q/ ∏ r2
Q= 5 X 10-5 m3s-1 and r=1cm=.01m
So v1= 5 X 10-5 m3s-1 / ∏ (.01 m)2 = 0.159 m.s-1
___________________________________________
b) The flow rate is constant, so A1v1=A2v2, and the
velocity v2 in the hose is v2= A1v1 /A2
A1=∏ r12 , A2=∏ r22 v2= ∏ r12 v1 / ∏ r22 = r12 v1 / r22
where r1 =0.01m , r2 =0.005m and v1 = 0.159 m .s-1
v = (0.159 m .s-1 )x (0.01m) 2/(0.005 m) 2 = 0.636 m s-1
2
Example 3
The volume rate of flow in an artery supplying the brain is 3.6x10-6 m3/s. If the
radius of the artery is 5.2 mm,
A) determine the average blood speed.

B) Find the average blood speed if a constriction reduces the radius of

the artery by a factor of 3 (without reducing the flow rate).

27
Example 4
A water main with radius of 0.15 m contains water with an
average velocity of 3 m/s. What is the flow rate in the water
main?

Answer
r = 0.15 m ,v = 3 m/s Q=??????

Q=A v
Q=∏ r2 . V
Q= ∏ (0.15) 2 X 3 = 0.21 m3 / s
Example 5
A blood vessel of radius r splits into four vessels, each
with radius (r/3). if the velocity in the larger vessel is v
find the average velocity in each of the smaller vessel.
Answer
A 1 v1 = n A 2 v2
Where n is number of vessels
n= 4 , A1 = ∏ r2 and
A2= ∏ (r/3)2
∏ r2 v1 = 4 v2 ∏ (r/3)2
v1 = 4 /9 v2
v2 = 9 /4 v1
Bernoulli's Equation
Bernoulli's Equation
Bernoulli principal
“The work done on a fluid as it flows from one place to
another is equal to the change in its mechanical energy”.
Bernoulli equation
According to the equation of continuity, the product A v
remains constant. Thus the velocity v does not change as the
fluid moves through the tube,
Bernoulli's equation conditions
1. The fluid is incompressible; its density remains constant.
2. The fluid does not have a frictional effects; So no
mechanical energy is lost due to friction.
3. The flow is streamline, not turbulent.
4. The velocity of the fluid at any point does not change.
If the cross-sectional area of the flow tube changes,
the fluid velocity v and kinetic energy per unit volume
(1/2 ρ v2) will also change.
The work done on the fluid must then be set equal to
the change in the potential + kinetic energy of the
fluid. The result is Bernoulli's equation,
•Fluid at rest in a container
•The manometer
•Blood pressure measurement by
cannulation
Example 1
The pressure 1 m above a floor is measured to be normal
atmospheric pressure, 1.013 × 105 Pa. How much greater is
the pressure at the floor if the temperature is 0C?
ρ = 1.29 kg.m-3
Answer
We use equation 𝑃𝐵=𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + ρ𝑔𝑑
Where :𝑃 𝑎𝑡𝑚 is atmospheric pressure= 1.013 × 105 Pa

ρ is density of air atmospheric pressure = 1.29 kg.m-3

𝑔 is the gravity = 10 m /s
𝑑 unit area a distance = 1 m
So 𝑃𝐵 = 1.013 × 105 Pa +{(1.29 kg.m-3)(10 m /s)(1m)}
=101312.9 Pa =1.013129 × 105 Pa
Example 2
What is the pressure on a swimmer 5 m below the surface of
a lake?
Answer

We use equation 𝑃𝐵=𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + ρ𝑔𝑑

Where :𝑃 𝑎𝑡𝑚 is atmospheric pressure= 1.013 × 105 Pa

ρ is density of water= 1000 kg.m-3

𝑔 is the gravity = 10 m /s
𝑑 unit area a distance = 5 m
So 𝑃𝐵 = 1.013 × 105 Pa +{(1000 kg.m-3)(10 m /s)(5m)}
=1.51 × 105 Pa
Example 3
Water with density ρ = 1000 kg/m3 moves in a pipe of radius
4cm with a speed of 2 m/s. the pipe goes up at a height of
5m and its radius becomes 2 cm. Show figure
(a) give the speed of the water at the upper side of the pipe.
(b) if the pressure P1 at the lower side is 2x105 pa.
what is the pressure P2- at the upper side.
(c) compute the volume of water flows in 10 minutes.
Answer
(C) Use of the flow rat equation
To find the volume of water flows in 10 minutes.
Q = ∆V /∆t ∆V= Q . ∆t ∆V = A1 v1 . ∆t
A1=∏ r12 = 3.14 x(.04) 2 = 0.005024 m 2
v1= 2 m/s
and ∆t=10 minutes = 10x60 s =600s
∆V = A1 v1 . ∆t =(0.005024 m2 )(2 m/s) . 600 s =6.028m3
The manometer
The manometer

• Manometers are devices in which one or more columns of

a liquid are used to determine the pressure difference
between two points.
• The open tube manometer is a u‐shaped tube used for
measuring gas pressure or liquid pressure if it is not mix
with the liquid inside, it contains a liquid (mercury , water
or oil).
• One end of tube is opened to atmosphere and the other
is attached to the gas will be measured.
45
The manometer
Blood pressure Measurement: Cannulation
1. In many experiments with anesthetized animals, the
blood pressure in an artery or vein is measured by the
direct insertion into the vessel of a cannula, which is a
small glass or plastic tube containing saline solution plus
an anticlotting agent.
2. The saline solution, in turn, is in contact with the fluid in
a manometer. It’s necessary to have the surface of
contact between the saline solution and the manometer
fluid either at the same level as the insertion point of the
cannula or to correct for the height difference.
Blood pressure Measurement: Cannulation

The pressure at the artery is : 𝑃𝐵=𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚+𝜌𝑔ℎ−𝜌𝑠𝑔ℎ′

Where 𝜌𝑠 is the density of the siline solution
Role of gravity in blood circulation.
Humans have adapted to the problems of moving blood upward a large
distance against the force of gravity. Animals that have not, such as,
snakes, eels and even rabbits, will die if held head upwards ; the blood
remains in the lower extremities and the heart receives no blood from
the venous system. Figure shows that in the reclining position the
pressures are almost the same everywhere, the small pressure drop is
due to the viscous forces. However the pressures are quite different in
the standing person.
Since the viscous effects are small we can use the
Bernoulli’s equation
𝑷+𝟏/𝟐𝝆𝒗2+𝝆𝒈𝒉=𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
The velocities at the three arteries are roughly equal,
so the term 𝟏/𝟐𝝆𝒗2 can be ignored.
Hence the gauge pressures at the heart 𝑃𝐻 , at the foot
𝑃𝐹 and at the brain 𝑃𝐵are related by:
𝑃𝐹=𝑃𝐻+𝜌𝑔ℎ𝐻=𝑃𝐵+𝜌𝑔ℎ𝐵
The typical values for adults are ℎ𝐻=1.3𝑚 and ℎ𝐵=1.7 𝑚 with
𝜌=1059.5×𝑘𝑔.𝑚-3
We find that 𝑃𝐹−𝑃𝐻=𝜌𝑔ℎ𝐻=13.5 𝑘𝑃𝑎
and 𝑃𝐹−𝑃𝐵=𝜌𝑔ℎ𝐵=1.7 𝑘𝑃𝑎 .
 The pressures in the lower and upper parts of the body are very
different when the person is standing, although they are about equal
when reclining.
 Blood returned to the heart, at least partially, by the pumping action
associated with breathing and by flexing of skeletal muscle, as in
walking.
 The importance of the role of gravity in the circulation is illustrated by
the fact that soldier who is required to stand at strict attention may
faint because of insufficient venous return. To regain consciousness,
position has to be altered to horizontal, then pressure is equalized.
Effects of acceleration

when a person experiences an upward acceleration 𝑎, his

effective weight becomes 𝑚(𝑔+𝑎). Applying Bernoulli’s
equation to the brain and the heart with g replaced by g+a ,
𝑃𝐻+𝜌(𝑔+ 𝑎 )ℎ𝐻=𝑃𝐵+𝜌(𝑔+ 𝑎 ) ℎ𝐵
Then 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝐻-𝜌(𝑔+ 𝑎 ) (ℎ𝐵 -ℎ𝐻 )
Thus the blood pressure in the brain will be reduced even
farther. It has been found that is a is two or three times g, a
human will lose consciousness because of the collapse of
arteries in the brain.
A related experience is the felling of light-headedness that
sometimes occurs when one suddenly stands up.
Blood Pressure measurements using the
sphygmomanometer
During a complete heart pumping cycle, the pressure in the heart and
the circulatory system goes through both a maximum Systolic ( as the
blood is pumped from the heart) and a minimum Diastolic ( as the heart
relaxes and fills with blood returned from the veins) the
sphygmomanometer is used to measure these extreme pressures.
The sphygmomanometer (Figure ) is used in the upper human arm
where it gives values nearly close to the pressure in the heart.
Blood Pressure measurements using the
sphygmomanometer
Also, the upper arm contains a single bone
making the brachial artery located there
easy to compress.
Blood pressures are usually presented as
𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑐/𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑐 ratios.
Typical readings for resting healthy adult
are about 120/80 in torr (mm Hg), the
borderline for high pressure
(hypertension) is usually defined to be
140/90. Pressures above that level needs
medical attention.
 Summary
The flow rate 𝑄
is The flow rate whish is the volume ΔV of the fluid flowing
past a point in a channel per unit time Δt :

The Equation of Continuity

if more fluid enters one end of the channel, So, an
equal amount must leave the other end.
Q= A1 v1 = A2 v2 = constant
The product of the cross-sectional area and the
velocity of the fluid is constant: A v = constant
A=∏r2
Bernoulli's Equation
“The work done on a fluid as it flows from one place

to another is equal to the change in its mechanical

energy”.
Bernoulli’s Theorem:
P1   gh1  ½  v12  Constant

Fluid at Rest: Horizontal Pipe (h1 = h2)

PA - PB = gh
P1  P2  ½  v22  ½  v12
Thank You
for your
Attention