Limiting Reagents

and
Percent Yield
 Limiting Reagents
 You have 18 cars bodies and 43 tires. How many
cars could you build?
 You have 23 pieces of bread, 18 pieces of ham,
and 29 pieces of cheese. How many ham and
cheese sandwiches could you make?
 You need 20mL of chocolate syrup and 250mL of
milk to make one glass of chocolate milk. If you
had 433ml of chocolate syrup and 4987mL of milk,
how many glasses of chocolate milk could you
make?
 Limiting Reagents

 What is a limiting reagent?

 When you go to the candy store and you

want to buy 100 red fish for 1 cent each, but
you only have 80 cents. Your limiting
reagent for this transaction is your 80 cents.
 Limiting Reagents

 Limiting reagent: limits or determines the

amount of product that can be formed in a
reaction; the reaction occurs only until the
limiting reagent is used up
 Excess reagent: reactant that is not
completely used up in the reaction
 Limiting Reagents

 Sodium chloride can be prepared by the

reaction of sodium metal with chlorine gas

 Suppose that 6.70 mol Na reacts with 3.20 mol

Cl2
 What is the limiting reagent?
 How many moles of NaCl are produced?
 Limiting Reagents

 The known amount of one of the reactants is

multiplied by the mole ratio from the
balanced equation to calculate the required
amount of the other reactant. Sodium is
chosen arbitrarily here
 Limiting Reagents

 This calculation indicates that 3.35 mol Cl2 is

needed to react with 6.70 mol Na. Because
only 3.20 mol Cl2 is available, however,
chlorine becomes the limiting reagent.
Sodium, then, must be in excess.
 Limiting Reagents

 The properties of copper(I) sulfide are very

different from the properties of the
elements copper and sulfur

 What is the limiting reagent when 80.0 g

Cu reacts with 25.0 g S?
 What is the maximum number of grams of
Cu2S that can be formed?
 Limiting Reagents

 The number of moles of each reactant must

first be found. The balanced equation is
used to calculate the number of moles of
one reactant needed to react with the given
amount of the other reactant
 Limiting Reagents

 Now you need to determine your limiting

reagent based on your given amounts
(remember, it doesn’t matter which one you
choose)
 Limiting Reagents

 Comparing the amount of sulfur needed

(0.630 mol S) with the given amount (0.779
mol S) indicates that sulfur is in excess.
Thus copper is the limiting reagent
 You always use the limiting reagent to
determine the maximum amount of product
(in this case, Cu2S)
 Calculating Percent Yield
 theoretical yield: the maximum amount of product
that could be formed from given amounts of
reactants
 actual yield: the product that actually forms when
the reaction is carried out in the laboratory; the
actual yield is often always less than the theoretical
yield
 percent yield: the ratio of the actual yield to the
theoretical yield expressed as a percent. The
percent yield measures the efficiency of the
reaction percent yield = actual yield X 100%
theoretical yield
 Calculating Percent Yield

 Calcium carbonate is decomposed by

heating, as shown in the following equation

 What is the theoretical yield of CaO if 24.8

g CaCO3 is heated?
 What is the percent yield if 13.1 g CaO is
produced?
 Calculating Percent Yield

 The theoretical yield can be calculated using

the mass of the reactant (mole ratio)
 Calculating Percent Yield

 Percent yield can then be calculated using

the equation, now that you know the
theoretical and are given the actual yield or
experimental yield
percent yield = actual yield X 100%
theoretical yield
 Calculating Percent Yield

 When 84.8 g of iron (III) oxide reacts with an

excess of carbon monoxide, 54.3 g of iron is
produced

 What is the percent yield of this reaction?

 Calculating Percent Yield

 You are given the actual yield; you now must

calculate the theoretical yield
 The Law of Conservation
of Energy
 Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it
may be transformed from one form into
another, but the total amount of energy
never changes.
Based on the type of energy (heat) change
involved, chemical reactions are classified as
either exothermic or endothermic.
1. Exothermic: energy is released
 Exo- = “exit”
 Burning of gasoline
2. Endothermic: energy is absorbed
 Endo- = “into”
 Cooking of pancakes
 Endothermic Diagram
Energy
Activation released in
Energy bond making
Energy used
in bond Energy
breaking absorbed
in
reaction

Endothermic – more energy is taken in to break the bonds

in the reactants than released by the bonds being formed
in the products. Therefore, energy is absorbed.
 Endothermic

• Heat (energy) taken in

• Temperature of the substance
drops
• Products feel COLD

reaction
 Endothermic Reactions

• You may see an endothermic reaction written

like this…

REACTANTS + ENERGY PRODUCTS

OR
REACTANTS + HEAT PRODUCTS
 Exothermic Diagram

Activation Energy
Energy used in bond
breaking
Energy
released
in bond
making

Exothermic – More energy is released when the products

where formed than energy was used to break bonds in the
reactants. Therefore, a net release of energy.
 Exothermic
• Heat (energy) given off
• Temperature of the substance
rises
• Products feel HOT

reaction
 Exothermic Reactions
• You may see an exothermic reaction written
like this…

REACTANTS PRODUCTS + ENERGY

OR
REACTANTS PRODUCTS + HEAT
 ENDOTHERMIC OR
EXOTHERMIC?
6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy C6H12O6 + 6O2

ENDOTHERMIC!

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O + Energy

EXOTHERMIC!
 Examples
Exothermic Endothermic

• Combustion of fuels • Photosynthesis

• Yeast & Hydrogen • Acedic Acid &
Peroxide Sodium Bicarbonate
• Epson salts & water

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 Exothermic and Endothermic
Reactions
Step 1: Energy must be
SUPPLIED to break
chemical bonds of
reactants:

Step 2: Energy is RELEASED

when new chemical bonds are
made in the products:

A reaction is EXOTHERMIC if more energy is RELEASED

than SUPPLIED. If more energy is SUPPLIED than is
RELEASED then the reaction is ENDOTHERMIC