 Refuse or solid waste –solid waste not carried

by sewers.
 Excreta or night soil-sewage
 Sullage-waste water or slop water
A. Non-organic-
paper,plastic,rubber,metal,glass etc.
B. Organic-
 Plant or animal origin
 Composted in land fills-manure and
methane
 Continous dumping of unsorted solid-
lechyate which contaminates ground water.
 Human excreta-can be recycled for human
use. In china 90% night soil is used in
agriculture.
SULLAGE:
Water contained in sullage must be saved and
reused.
The problem of waste disposal differs in rural
and urban community. In village it is largely
tackled on individual basis. Methods followed
are traditional,simple and economical. In
urban areas sanitary methods are community
based and run by municipality.
Essential for environmental sanitation.
Quantity produced:0.5kg in kolkata,0.3 in pune
and 1.0kg in delhi.
OPEN DUMPING
 On vacant land not a desirable practice.
 Unhygienic as it breeds flies and other
insects.
 Attracts rats and dogs.
 Danger of dry refuse catching fire.
SANITARY LANDFILLS
 Placed in designated areas and covered with earth.
 In level ground sanitary landfilling is done in trenches
2-3 meters deep and 3-10meters wide.
 Naturally occuring depressions,excavations,pits are
filled up by alternate layer of refuse and earth(30cm
of earth)
 Can be used for recycling the land in low lying places.
 Physical, chemical and bacteriological changes occur
in the burried masss in 4-6 months.
 Temperature rises to 60 degree C within a week
killing pathogens.
BURNING
 Not a desirable practise
 Leads to production of harmful gases and chemicals.
 Hospital waste because of infection needs to be burnt
in incenrator.
COMPOSTING
“a mixture of various decaying organic substances such
as dead leaves manure etc for fertilising land.” The
resultant product called compost is good organic
manure.
1) Composting with animal dung.
2) Composting with night soil-aerobic and anaerobic.
Essential for providing sanitation barrier
between faeces and man
 Food contaminated with faeces through
finger,flies,water or soil
 Two types of methods are in vogue for
disposal of night soil
-NON SEWAGE
-SEWAGE METHODS
BUCKET TYPE LATRINES THROUGH UNHYGIENIC
AND UNSOCIAL ARE STILL USED IN THE
COUNTRY. INCOLVES MANUAL COLLLECTION
AND DISPOSAL AS FOLLOWS:
• Trenching –filled in trenches and covered with
earth.gets covered into manure in 3-4 months.
• Composting –mixing night soil and towns refuse.
• Inceneration –burning of night soil with refuse
• Emptying into sewer- can be done if there is
sewerage system nearby.
(NON SERVICE TYPE OF LATRINES)
 Acceptable to people
 Simple to construct and use
 Should be cheap with materials available
locally
 Should not involve manual handling of
excreta.
 Involve use of very small amount of water.
 Should not lead to environmental pollution.
 PIT LATRINE
 BORE HOLE LATRINES
 DUG WELL LATERINE
 VIP LATRINES(VENTILATED IMPROVED
PIT LATRINES)
 WATER SEAL LATRINES:
-PRAI Type
-RCA Type
-SULAB SHAUCHALYA
 SEPTIC TANK
 SHALLOW PIT LATERINE-1 m in depth ,0.5 -
1m wide and with wooden squatting plate
and superstructure for privacy
 Deep trench latrines -1-1.5m deep (camping
sites)
 VENTILATED IMPROVED LATRINES
 Used extensively in ghana
 Acceptable to people
 Highly cost effective
 Does not need water
 Simple to use
 So called because septic or anaerobic
bacterial activity.
 Most of the pathogens are killed but
anaerobic cyst and ova of round worms
survive.
 Carbon dioxide ,ammonia and hydrogen
sulphide released
 Further degradation to nitrites,sulpates and
chloride yet to take place.
 Purification occurs in two stages i.e anaerobic
in the tank and aerobic outside.